Compounds that interact with kinases

ABSTRACT

A method of inhibiting or effecting the activity of protein kinase activity which comprises contacting a protein kinase with a compound of formula (I) being a derivative of a furanose or pyranose form of a monosaccharide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/902,183, filed Sep. 19, 2007 now abandoned, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/526,388, filed Jun. 2, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,291,623, which is the US national phase of international application PCT/AU2003/001146 filed Sep. 5, 2003, which designated the US and claims priority to AU Application No. 2002951247 filed Sep. 6, 2002. The entire contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to classes of biologically active compounds that interact in a pharmaceutically significant manner with protein kinases, and particularly to provide compounds suitable for the treatment of disorders mediated by protein kinase activity. The invention is also directed to treatment of the above mentioned disorders. The invention is also directed to the preparation of novel compounds per se.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The drug discovery landscape has been transformed by the genomics revolution. Advances in the understanding of biomolecular pathways and the roles they play in disease is generating vast numbers of targets for therapeutic intervention. Protein kinases now represent an extensive and important class of therapeutic targets.

Kinases are key components in almost all signal transduction pathways, modulating extracellular and intracellular signalling processes that mediate events such as cell growth and differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis. Kinases do this by catalysing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to protein substrates. The pivotal role of kinases is emphasized by the fact that kinases represent the third most populous domain in the proteome.

Kinases have been implicated in many diseases. Twenty percent of oncogenes code for tyrosine kinases. Kinases play pivotal roles in many leukemias, tumours and other proliferative disorders. Other states involving kinases include inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis, cardiovascular diseases such as restenosis, viral induced diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma, circulatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and fibroproliferative diseases. Specific kinases are often implicated in particular disease states and therefore present themselves as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

The kinase family includes serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases, with the amino acid referring to the particular residue on a protein substrate that is phosphorylated. The tyrosine kinases can be further divided into receptor tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

Considering the rate of generation and nature of the targets currently being deconvoluted by biologists, there is a need for the development of drug candidates, designed in a rational manner to purposely interact with selected targets, such as the kinases.

From a drug discovery perspective, carbohydrate pyranose and furanose rings and their derivatives are well suited as templates. Each sugar represents a three-dimensional scaffold to which a variety of substituents can be attached, usually via a scaffold hydroxyl group, although occasionally a scaffold carboxyl or amino group may be present for substitution. By varying the substituents, their relative position on the sugar scaffold, and the type of sugar to which the substituents are coupled, numerous highly diverse structures are obtainable. An important feature to note with carbohydrates, is that molecular diversity is achieved not only in the type of substituents, but also in the three dimensional presentation. The different stereoisomers of carbohydrates that occur naturally, offer the inherent structural advantage of providing alternative presentation of substituents. We have developed a system that allows the chemical synthesis of highly structurally and functionally diverse derivatised carbohydrate and tetrahydropyran structures, of both natural and unnatural origin. The diversity accessible is particularly augmented by the juxtaposition of both structural and functional aspects of the molecules.

A number of kinase inhibitors have appeared in the scientific literature to date. Many have entered human clinical trials and in two cases, Gleevac and Iressa, approval for the treatment of various tumours has been granted (Cohen, P., Nature Tev. Drug Discovery, 1, 309-316, 2002). The specificity of published kinase inhibitors varies widely and it is apparent from the study of Gleevac that specificity for a single kinase is not a prerequisite for the inhibitor becoming a useful drug, indeed the inhibition of more than one kinase may be an advantage for therapeutic intervention. Despite some promiscuity in the target kinase being acceptable, it is generally considered desirable to have good selectivity for the target kinase(s) over more general “housekeeping” kinases. Thus selectivity and inhibitor potency must be assessed on a case by case basis.

The level of inhibition in cell based assays also shows considerable variation from approximately 0.1 micromolar to over 100 micromolar as exemplified by the following table (a more detailed study can be found in: Davies et. al., Biochem. J., 351, 95-105, 2000; and Bain et. al., Biochem. J., 371, 199-204, 2003). It is frequently the case that the most potent inhibitor is not the most suitable inhibitor for therapeutic purposes.

Inhibitor concen- Top 5 kinases inhibited kinase tration and residual activity ML-9 MSK-1 ROCK-II SmMLCK S6K1 CDK2 100 μM  14%  23% 25% 27% 38% LY PI3K CK2 PHK GSK3β SGK 294002 13%  18% 44% 53% 72% 50 μM HA1077 ROCK-II PRK2 MSK1 S6K1 PKA 20 μM 7% 15% 19% 32% 35% PP2 LCK CDK2 CK1 SAPK2a MKK1 10 μM 1%  3%  6% 21% 55% Ro-31- MAPKAPK1b MSK1 PKCα GSK3β S6K1 8220 2%  2%  3%  5%  6%  1 μM MSK-1 = mitogen and stress activated protein kinase 1; ROCK-II = Rho associated coiled coil forming protein kinase II; SmMLCK = smooth myosin light chain kinase; S6K1 = p70 S6 kinase; CDK2 = cyclin dependant kinase 2; PI3K = phosphoinositide 3 kinase; CK2 = casein kinase 2; PHK = phosphorylase kinase; GSK3β = glycogen synthetase kinase 3β; SGK = serum and glucocortin induced kinase; PRK2 = PKC related kinase 2; PKA = protein kinase A; LCK = T cell specific kinase; CK1 = casien kinase 1; SAPK2a = p38 kinase; MKK1 = mitogen activated protein kinase 1; MAPKAP-K1b = mitogen activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 1b; PKCα = protein kinase C alpha. It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Using the axioms of this drug discovery methodology, we synthesised several novel classes of chemotypes in an effort to develop drug candidates against kinase targets.

Kinases selected examples from the three different classes; serine/threonin kinase, tyrosine receptor kinase and tyrosine non-receptor kinase have been explored to determine the generality of the current invention. Compounds were tested within the industry standard concentration range described above and have revealed potent and selective inhibitors against each selected kinase target.

It is a general object of the invention to provide compounds suitable for the treatment of disorders mediated by protein kinase activity and in the treatment of the above mentioned disorders.

It is an optional object of the invention to provide a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one compound as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.

It is a further optional object of the invention to provide a method of treatment of a human or animal subject suffering from a disorder mediated by aberrant protein kinase activity which method comprises administering to the human or animal subject an effective amount of a compound as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

It is a further object of the invention to prepare novel compounds per se

In one form, the invention comprises method of inhibiting or effecting protein kinase activity which comprises contacting a protein kinase with a compound of formula I being a derivative of a furanose or pyranose form of a monosaccharide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof

-   -   Wherein;     -   n is 1 or 2,     -   X is selected from the group consisting of: OR1, an         unsubstituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety, a substituted         5 or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety, an unsubstituted 9 or 10         membered heterobicyclic moiety and a substituted 9 or 10         membered heterobicyclic moiety,     -   R1 is selected from the group consisting of: C1 to C7 alkyl, C1         to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14         aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl and C3 to C14         heteroarylalkyl,     -   Y is selected from the group consisting of: an unsubstituted 5         or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety; a substituted 5 or 6 membered         heterocyclic moiety, an unsubstituted 9 or 10 membered         heterobicyclic moiety and a substituted 9 or 10 membered         heterobicyclic moiety; an amino acid, a dipeptide, and

-   -   R6 is selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl,         C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to         C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl or C3 to C14         heteroarylalkyl,     -   with the proviso that R6, R7 and R8 are not all H,     -   R9 is selected from H, or —(CO)—R6,     -   R7, R8, R11, R12, R14, are independently selected from the group         consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7         alkynyl, C1 to C7 acyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C6         to C14 arylacyl, C6 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 heteroarylacyl,         C6 to C14 arylalkyl and C6 to C14 heteroarylalkyl,     -   R13 is selected from the group consisting of: unsubstituted         phenyl unsubstituted benzyl, substituted phenyl, substituted         benzyl, H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl,         C1 to C7 acyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C6 to C14         arylacyl, C6 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 heteroarylacyl, C6 to         C14 arylalkyl or C6 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, —S—R6 and —O—R6,     -   R15 is absent or is at least one substituent on the aromatic         ring which are independently selected from the group consisting         of: OH, NO, NO₂, NH₂, N₃, halogen, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, nitrile,         alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid,         carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl,         heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl,         aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted         imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide,         hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, alkyl,         aminoaryl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl and         thioheteroaryl.         R1 may be substituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched and/or         linear.         R7 and R8 may combine to form a cyclic structure.         R6 and one of R7 or R8 may combine to form a cyclic structure.         R11 and R12 may combine to form a cyclic structure,         X may be selected from: OR1,

-   -   R1 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting         of: C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7         heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14         arylalkyl and C3 to C14 heteroarylalkyl,     -   R4 is selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl,         C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to         C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl and C3 to         C14 heteroarylalkyl,     -   R5 is selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl,         C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to         C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl or C3 to C14         heteroarylalkyl, C1 to C7 acyl, C6 to C14 arylacyl, and C3 to         C14 heteroarylacyl,     -   R2 is selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)—R3,         —(C═O)—OR4, and —(C═O)—NH—R4,     -   Y is selected from:

At least one of R1-R14 may be substituted and these substituents and the substituents on the substituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety and the substituted 9 or 10 membered heterobicyclic moiety may be selected from the group consisting of: OH, NO, NO₂, NH₂, N₃, halogen, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, nitrile, alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide, hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, aminoalkyl, alkyl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl or thioheteroaryl, which may optionally be further substituted.

X may comprise

X may comprise

X may comprise —OR1 Y may comprise A as described above. Y may comprise B as described above. Y may comprise C as described above. Y may comprise D as described above. Y may comprise E as described above. Y may describe F as described above. Y may comprise G as described above.

The protein kinase may comprise a serine or threonine kinase.

The protein kinase may comprise a tyrosine kinase.

The protein kinase may comprise one or more of the isoforms of protein kinase C.

The protein kinase may comprise Tie-2, also known as TEK, HPK-6, TIE-2 VMCM, VMCM1.

The protein kinase may comprise c-Kit also known as SCFR, CD117, PBT.

The protein kinase may comprise VEGF-R2/KDR also known as VEGFR2, VEGFR-2, VEGFR, Hs.KDR, Hs.12337, FLK1, FLK-1.

The protein kinase may comprise EGF-R also known as ERBB1, ERBB, EGFRvIII.

The protein kinase may comprise Abl also known as c-ab1, c-ABL, JTK7, p150, ABL1.

The protein kinase may comprise MET also known as HGFR, C-MET, RCCP2.

The protein kinase may comprise, CDK2 also known as p34CDK2, p33CDK2, p33CDK2.

The protein kinase may comprise PDGF also known as PDGFR1, PDGFR, PDGF-R-beta, JTK12, CD140B, PDGFRB.

The protein kinase may comprise kinase, FGFR-1 also known as N-SAM, LOC51033, FLT2, FLJ14326, CEK, C-FGR, BFGFR, H5, H4, H3, H2, FLG.

The protein kinase may comprise P38 MAP Kinase also known as p38alpha p38ALPHA, SAPK2a, SAPK2A, PRKM15, PRKM14, Mxi2, MXI2, Exip, EXIP, CSPB1, CSBP2, CSBP1, p38, RK, P38, MAPK14.

In another form, the invention comprises a compound of formula I which is a derivative of a furanose form of a monosaccharide of general formula I,

-   -   Wherein;     -   n is 1,     -   X is selected from: OR1,

-   -   R1 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting         of: C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7         heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14         arylalkyl and C3 to C14 heteroarylalkyl,     -   R4 is selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl,         C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to         C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl and C3 to         C14 heteroarylalkyl,     -   R5 is selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl,         C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to         C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl or C3 to C14         heteroarylalkyl, C1 to C7 acyl, C6 to C14 arylacyl, and C3 to         C14 heteroarylacyl,     -   R2 is selected from —(C═O)—R3, —(C═O)—OR4, —(C═O)—NH—R4,     -   Y is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   R6 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1 to C7 alkyl,         C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to         C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl and C3 to         C14 heteroarylalkyl,     -   with the proviso that R6, R7 and R8 are not all H,     -   R9 is selected from H, or —(CO)—R6,     -   R7, R8, R11, R12, R14, are independently selected from the group         consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7         alkynyl, C1 to C7 acyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C6         to C14 arylacyl, C6 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 heteroarylacyl,         C6 to C14 arylalkyl or C6 to C14 heteroarylalkyl,     -   R13 is selected from the group consisting of: unsubstituted         phenyl, unsubstituted benzyl, substituted phenyl, substituted         benzyl, H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl,         C1 to C7 acyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C6 to C14         arylacyl, C6 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 heteroarylacyl, C6 to         C14 arylalkyl or C6 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, —S—R6 or —O—R6,     -   R15 is absent or is at least one substituent on the aromatic         ring which is independently selected from the group consisting         of: OH, NO, NO₂, NH₂, N₃, halogen, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, nitrite,         alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid,         carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl,         heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl,         aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted         imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide,         hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, alkyl,         aminoaryl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl or         thioheteroaryl.

R7 and R8 may combine to form a cyclic structure.

R6 and one of R7 or R8 may combine to form a cyclic structure.

R11 and R12 may combine to form a cyclic structure.

R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are optionally substituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched and/or linear.

R2 and R3 may combine to form a ring structure.

R4 and R5 may combine to form a ring structure.

At least one of R1 to R5 may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group, OH, NO, NO₂, NH₂, N₃, halogen, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, nitrile, alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide, hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, alkyl, aminoaryl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl or thioheteroaryl, which may optionally be further substituted,

X may be

or —OR1. Y may comprise A as described above. Y may comprise B as described above. Y may comprise C as described above. Y may comprise D as described above. Y may comprise E as described above. Y may comprise F as described above. Y may comprise G as described above.

The compounds of the invention may be mixed with a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle which may comprise a-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof.

The pharmaceutical derivative may comprise a salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention which, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention, although no limitation is meant thereby.

Compounds of the invention may be administered orally such as by means of a tabled, powder, liquid, emulsion, dispersion and the like; by inhalation; topically such as by means of a cream, ointment, salve etc; and as a suppository, although no limitation is meant thereby.

BEST MODE General Methods

General Method 1—Amide Bond Formation:

To a solution of an acid in DMF (0.3 ml, 0.35 M, 1.0 equiv.) at room temperature was added a solution of HBTU in DMF (0.3 ml, 0.42 M, 1.2 equiv.) followed by DIPEA (2.5 equiv.). After 10 min., a solution of the desired amine in DMF (0.3 ml, 0.37 M, 1.05 equiv.) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h, then diluted with DCM (8 ml) and washed with 10% citric acid (2×5 ml), saturated NaHCO₃ (2×5 ml), brine (5 ml) and water (5 ml). The solvent was removed in vacuo.

General Method 2—Ester Hydrolysis:

A solution of the ester (0.1 mmoles) in THF (0.5 ml) was treated with a solution of lithium hydroxide in water (0.5 ml, 0.45 M, 2.1 equiv.). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to provide the corresponding carboxylic acid as the lithium salt. The residue is redissolved in either ethyl acetate or dichloromethane and washed with a small quantity of 10% citric acid solution, followed by drying of the organic layer and removal of the solvents in vacuo to yield the desired carboxylic acid. In cognate experiments sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide has been substituted for lithium hydroxide to for the corresponding sodium or potassium salts in comparable yields. Methanol and dioxane have been substituted for THF as the reaction solvent with comparable results.

General Method 3a—Removal of Acid Labile Protecting Groups (Isopropylidene and BOC)— Solution Phase:

The compound was dissolved in acetonitrile and treated with 90/10 trifluoroacetic acid-water (2 ml) and monitored by t.l.c for reaction completeness. Reaction times vary considerably from 15 minutes at RT to 6 hours at RT. When complete, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and co-evaporating from acetonitrile. The crude products were resuspended in water-acetonitrile and lyophilised then purificatied by reverse phase C-18 HPLC using a solvent gradient of water/acetonitrile to afford the desired product as white solids. In cognate experiments, 50/50 trifluoroacetic acid-water has been used with similar efficiency.

General Method 3b—Removal of Acid Labile Protecting Groups (Isopropylidene and BOC) and Cleavage from Resin—Solid Phase:

The resin bound compound (approx. 200 mg of resin) was washed with DCM (2×2 mL) then treated with TFA/DCM 1:1 (1 mL) for 15 mins. The resin was filtered and washed with acetonitrile (1 ml) (filtrates collected). This procedure was repeated for a second cycle. The filtrates were evaporated under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was redissolved in water (1 ml) and agitated for 3 h. After this time, the solution was lyophilised to afford the crude products which were purified as described above.

General Method 4—Removal of an Fmoc Protecting Group:

The Fmoc protected compound on resin (12 g of resin, 0.7 mmol/g, 8.4 mmol) was washed with DMF (2×120 ml), then treated with 20% piperidine in DMF (120 ml) and shaken at r.t. for 30 min. The resin was drained and washed with DMF (2×120 ml). The reaction was repeated and the resin was drained, washed with DMF (2×120 ml), DCM (2×120 ml), MeOH (2×120 ml) and ether (2×120 ml), and dried in vacuo for 2 h.

General Method 5—Coupling of Fluoro-Nitro-Benzoic Acid:

Resin bound substrate was washed under N₂ with dry DCM (1×80 ml, 1×60 ml). To a solution of 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid (9.3 g, FW 185.09, 50.2 mmol, 6 equiv.) in dry DCM (60 ml) and dry DMF (9 ml) at r.t. and under N₂ was added 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC, 3.9 ml, d 0.806, FW 126.20, 24.9 mmol, 3 equiv.). The solution was stirred for 10 min., then added to the resin followed by 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP, 102 mg, FW 122.17, 0.83 mmol, 0.1 equiv.). The resin was then shaken at r.t. for 3 h, drained, washed with DMF (4×120 ml), DCM (3×120 ml) and ether (2×120 ml), and dried in vacuo overnight. The coupling procedure may be repeated in the event of a positive ninhydrin test.

General Method 6—Nucleophillic Aromatic Displacement:

Resin bound 3-nitro-4-fluoro-benzoate XI (200 mg, 0.14 mmol) was washed under N₂ with dry DMF (2 ml) or dry DMSO (2 ml), then treated with a solution of the nucleophile (0.42 mmol, 3 equiv.) and diisopropylamine (DIPEA, 0.146 ml, d 0.742, FW, 129.25, 0.84 mmol, 6 equiv.) in dry DMF (2 ml) or dry DMSO (2 ml) and shaken at r.t. o/n. The resin was drained and washed with DMF (3×2 ml) and DCM (3×2 ml). In the case of DMSO as solvent, the reaction was warmed to 60° C. The nucleophile may be any suitable primary or secondary aliphatic or aromatic amine, or a thiol. In an alternative experiment, the nucleophile was bound to the solid support and treated with an excess of ortho-fluoro-nitrobenzyl derivatives under similar conditions.

General Method 7—Reduction of an Aromatic Nitro Group:

The resin bound substrate (0.14 mmol) was washed with DMF (2×2 ml) and then suspended in DMF (0.7 ml) to which was added a solution of SnCl₂.2H₂O in DMF (0.7 ml, 2 M, 1.40 mmol, 10 equiv.). The resin was shaken at r.t. o/n, then washed with DMF (5×2 ml), DCM (3×2 ml) and MeOH (5×2 ml).

General Method 8 Preparation and Reaction of an Acid Chloride:

Resin bound substrate (0.14 mmol) was washed with DCM (2×2 ml) and then under N₂ with dry DCM (2×2 ml). A suspension of the of sugar-acid building blocks (0.42 mmol, 3 equiv.) in dry DCM (2 ml) was treated with triphosgene (42 mg, FW 296.75, 0.14 mmol, 1 equiv.) followed by collidine (0.159 ml, d 0.917, FW 121.18, 1.20 mmol, 8.6 equiv.). An effervescence was observed and a solution formed. After 1 min., this solution was added to the resin bound substrate and the resin was shaken at r.t. for 3 h. The resin was drained and washed with DCM (5×2 ml) and MeOH (3×2 ml).

General Method 9 Cleavage of Adenosine N-Benzoyl Group:

The adenosine-containing products were treated with saturated ammonia in methanol (4 ml) at r.t. o/n. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the product was again treated with sat NH₃ in MeOH at r.t. o/n. The solvent was removed in vacuo and compounds purified as described above. In an alternative procedure, 1M hydrazine hydrate in DMF was substituted for methanolic ammonia. The latter procedure is particularly useful for benzoate removal on solid support.

General Method 10—Benzimidazole Synthesis:

Resin bound substrate (approx. 200 mg, 0.14 mmol) was treated with a solution of an aldehyde (5.0 equivalents) in N-methylpyrrolidine (NMP) (4 ml) and heated to 45-50° C. overnight. The resins were subsequently washed with DMF (3×4 mL), DCM (3×4 mL), MeOH (3×4 mL), ether (3×4 mL) and dried in vacuo overnight.

General Method 11—Cesium Carboxylate Coupling:

The cesium salt of the Boc protected amino acid is made by dissolving the amino acid in methanol (5 ml/mmol) and water (0.5 ml/mmol) and adding an aqueous solution of 20% Cs₂CO₃ until pH 7 is reached. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the material is freeze-dried overnight to give a white powder. The resin is treated with the cesium salt (5 eq) in dry DMF (4 ml/g of resin) and stirred at 50° C. for 24 hours. The resin is drained and washed with DMF, DMF/H₂O (1:1; ×3), MeOH/H₂O (1:1; ×3) and MeOH (×3) and then dried in vacuo.

General Method 12—Reductive Amination:

6 eq of aldehyde is dissolved in TMOF/THF (1:1; 2 ml) and added to the resin (200 mg) and shaken at room temperature for 3-4 hours. The resin is drained and a solution of NaCNBH₃ (2 eq) in THF/MeOH/AcOH (9:1:0.1; 2 ml) is added to the resin and shaken overnight at room temperature. The resin is then drained and washed with THF/MeOH (1:3; ×3, DMF/MeOH (1:3; ×3), DCM/MeOH (1:3; ×3) and DCM.

General Method 13—Urea Formation:

In a gloved box, the resin is swelled in 10% DIPEA/DCM, a solution of triphosgene (2 eq in 1.2 ml of dry DCM) was added to the resin in two batches and shaken for 1 hour. The resin is washed with dry DCM (1 ml×2) and a solution of the amine (1.1 eq) and DIPEA (2.2 eq) in 1.5 ml of dry DCM was added and shaken for 30 minutes. The resin is drained and washed with DMF (×3), DCM (×3) and MeOH (×3) and dried.

General Method 14 Base Catalysed Ring Closure:

The resin was treated with a solution of MeOH/NEt₃ (9:1; 2 ml) and heated to 60° C. overnight. The resin is drained (collecting the filtrate) and washed with MeOH, (1 ml), DCM (1 ml), MeOH (1 ml) and DCM (1 ml). The filtrates are combined and the solvent removed in vacuo. The process is then repeated.

General Method 15—Thiourea Formation:

Resin bound substrate was washed under N₂ with dry THF (3×30 mL) then thiocarbonyl diimidazole (2.49 g, 14 mmol) in dry THF (70 mL, conc=0.2M) was added and the resin was shaken at rt for 12 h. The resin was filtered, washed with THF (3×30 mL), DMF (2×30 mL), DCM (2×30 ml), DCM/MeOH (30 mL), MeOH (30 mL) and dried in vacuo.

General Method 16—S Alkylation of an Isothiourea:

The reactions were performed in Bodhan Miniblocks. The resin bound thiourea compound resin (200 mg) was washed under N₂ with dry DMF (2×2 mL). Alkyl halide R¹X (0.7 mmol) in dry DMF (1 mL) was added followed by DIPEA (1.4 mmol) in dry DMF (1 mL). The resin was shaken at rt for 12 h, then washed with DMF (3×2 mL), DCM (3×2 mL), DCM/MeOH 1:1 (2×2 mL), MeOH (2×2 mL).

General Method 17—Bromoacetylation:

To bromoacetic acid (7.76 g) in dry DCM (40 mL) was added slowly DIC (4.4 mL) at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins. The solution was syringed out leaving the precipitated urea.

Resin bound substrate was washed under N₂ with dry DMF then swollen in dry DMF (1 mL). The bromoacetic anhydride solution in dry DCM (1 ml) was added and the resin was shaken at rt for 1 hrs. The resin was filtered, washed with dry DMF (3×3 mL) under N₂ (glove box) and dry DCM (2×3 mL). Excess DCM was drained applying positive pressure of N₂. The resin was carried through the next step immediately.

General Method 18-N-Alkylation:

Bromoacetylated resin produced by general method 17 is added to a sugar amine building block (5 eq) in DMF (1 mL). The resin was shaken at rt for 16 h then filtered, washed with DMF, DCM, DCM/MeOH and dried in vacuo.

General Method 19-Dichloro-Nitropyrimidine Addition:

The resin was swelled in NMP and a solution of 4,6-Dichloro-5-nitropyrimidine (5 eq) and DIPEA (10 eq) in NMP (1 ml/100 mg resin) was added and shaken at room temperature overnight (solution turned deep orange-red). The resin was drained under nitrogen and washed with dry DMF and dry DCM until filtrate is colourless and dried in vacuo.

General Method 20—Nitro Reduction:

The resin was swelled in DCM (1.5 ml/100 mg) and a solution of K₂CO₃ (10 eq) and Na₂S₂O₄ (8 eq) in H₂O (0.75 ml/100 mg) was added. Viologen (0.4 eq) was then added turning the solution deep blue. The resin was then shaken vigourously for 72 hours. The resin was then drained and washed with an aqueous solution of 1% AcOH, THF, DMF and DCM and dried in vacuo.

General Method 21—Aldehyde Cyclisation:

A solution of the aldehyde (5 eq) in NMP with 1% AcOH (800 μl/100 mg resin) was added to the dry resin in a test tube. The tube was sealed but allowed to vent with a needle in the top. The resin was heated at 100° C. overnight. The resin was filtered and washed with DMF, DCM and MeOH and dried in vacuo.

General Method 22—Acid Chloride Acylation:

Resin bound substrate was washed under N₂ with dry DCM then swollen in DIPEA (20 eq)/DCM (1 mL). A solution of acid chloride (10 eq) in DCM (1 ml) was added and the resin was shaken at rt for 24 h. The resin was washed with DMF, DMF/MeOH, DCM, DCM/MeOH, MeOH and dried in vacuo.

General Method 23—Reaction with the Isocyanates and the Resin Cleavage:

The resin was taken up in DCE and cooled to 0° C. followed by isocyanate (4 eq) addition. After 30 minutes, 10% TFA/DCM was added followed by shaking for 1 hour at room temperature. The resin was filtered and washed with DCM. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude residue.

General Method 24—Biological Assays:

Compounds were tested in vitro as follows.

Recombinant protein kinases, which were expressed as fusion proteins in SF9 insect cells or E. coli, were used for all in vitro assays. The purity and identity of each kinase was checked by SDS-PAGE/silver staining and by western blot analysis with specific antibodies.

All kinase assays except for p38a (see below) were performed in 96-well micro-titre plates. The assay components included assay buffer, ATP, test compound, enzyme and substrate.

The assay for all enzymes (except for the PKC see below, contained 60 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 3 mM MgCl₂, 3 mM MnCl₂, 3 μM Na-orthovanadate, 1 mM DU, 0.1 μM [γ-³³P]-ATP (approx. 5×10⁵ cpm per well).

The assay for the PKCs contained 60 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1.25 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1.32 mM CaCl₂, 5 μg/ml Phosphatidylserine, 1 μg/ml 1.2 Dioleyl-glycerol, 1.2 mM DTT, 50 μg/ml PEG₂₀₀₀₀, 0.1 μM [γ-³³P]-ATP (approx. 5×10⁵ cpm per well).

The table below details the amounts of enzyme and substrate that were used per well:

Screen- pool Enzyme Substrate # Kinase # (ng/50 μl) Substrate (ng/50 μl) 1 KIT 1 50 Poly(Glu, Tyr)_(4:1) 125 2 EGF-R 4 50 Poly(Glu, Tyr)_(4:1) 125 3 TIE2 3 100 Poly(Glu, Tyr)_(4:1) 125 4 PDGF- 3 100 Poly(Glu, Tyr)_(4:1) 500 Ralpha 5 FGF-R1 1 75 Poly(Glu, Tyr)_(4:1) 500 6 CDK2/CycA 2 10 Histone H1 250 7 MET 7 100 Poly(Glu, Tyr)_(4:1) 125 8 VEGF-R2 2 50 Poly(Glu, Tyr)_(4:1) 125 9 ABL 1 10 Poly(Ala, Glu, 250 Lys, Tyr)_(6:2:5:1) 10 PKC-beta1 1 13 Histone H1 500

The reaction cocktails were incubated at 30° C. for 80 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 50 μl of 2% (v/v) H₃PO₄, plates were aspirated and washed twice with 200 μl of H₂O or 0.9% (w/v) NaCl. Incorporation of ³³P_(i) was determined with a microplate scintillation counter.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α assays were done in a proprietary microassay NanoCarrier™ 2080 format. In these assays phosphorylation was detected by a phospho-substrate specific monoclonal antibody in an indirect competition assay. The degree of binding of the antibody to the phospho-substrate was measured by fluorescence polarization using 2D-FIDA anisotrophy. In these experiments the final concentration of the enzyme was 1.6 nM and the substrate was 2 μM.

All data is presented as residual activity, which is the activity of the enzyme in the presence of the stipulated concentration of inhibitor or compound. 100% activity is the maximum activity of the enzyme in the absence of any inhibitor or compound.

In all experiments the Z′ value was calculated according to Zhang et al to (J-H Zhang, T. D. Y Chung, K. R. Oldenburg (1999) Journal of Biomolecular Screening 4:67-73) using the standard deviations and mean values of the positive and negative controls. Z′=1−(3*Stdev _(neg)+3*Stdev _(pos))/(Mean_(pos)−Mean_(neg))

Only data where the Z′ value was >0.5 was used.

Example 1

(1-a) General Method 1, (1-b) General Method 2, (1-c) General Method 3.

Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds

Isomer A: proton (400 MHz: DMSO) 2.38 (dt, J 5.0, 6H, CH₂CH₂), 2.65 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H, CH₃), 3.85-3.95 (m, 2H, H2 or H3 or H4), 4.05 (dd, J 3.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H, H5a), 4.10 (dd, J 3.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H, H5b), 4.30 (m, 1H, CH), 4.65 (dd, J 5.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H, H2 or H3 or H4), 5.87 (d, J 4.0 Hz, 1H, H1), 8.30 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.45 (s, 1H, ArH).

Isomer B: proton (400 MHz: DMSO) 2.42 (dt, J 5.0, 6H, CH₂CH₂), 2.75 (d, J 15.0 Hz, 1H, CH₃), 3.85-3.95 (m, 2H, H2 or H3 or H4), 4.05 (dd, J 3.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H, H5a), 4.10 (dd, J 3.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H, H5b), 4.30 (m, 1H, CH), 4.65 (dd, J 5.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H, H2 or H3 or H4), 5.92 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H, H1), 8.35 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.50 (s, 1H, ArH).

Example 2

(2-a) General Method 1, (2-b) General Method 2, (2-c) General Method 3.

Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds

proton (400 MHz: D₂O) 2.36-2.55 (m, 5H, alkyl H), 2.57-2.76 (m, 1H, alkyl H), 3.31-3.48 (m, 2H, H5), 3.98-4.07 (m, 1H, H4), 4.45-4.56 (m, 2H, H3, NCHCO), 4.69-4.75 (m, 2H, H2), 5.57 (d, J 2.4 Hz, 1H, H1), 7.32-7.40 (m, 2H, PhH), 7.41-7.53 (m, 3H, PhH).

proton (400 MHz: D₂O) 2.26-2.40 (m, 4H, alkyl H), 2.73 (dd, J 14.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H, CHaPh), 2.88 (dd, J 14.0, 6.2 Hz, 1H, CHbPh), 3.30 (dd, J 14.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H, H5a), 3.42 (dd, J 14.6, 3.8 Hz, 1H, H5b), 3.96-4.02 (m, 1H, H4), 4.26 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H, H3), 4.36 (t, J 7.4 Hz, 1H, NCHCO), 5.52 (d, J 2.8 Hz, 1H, H1), 7.02-7.20 (m, 5H, PhH), 7.35 (d, J 6.4 Hz, 2H, PhH), 7.42-7.54 (m, 3H, PhH).

proton (400 MHz: D₂O) 1.76-1.87 (m, 1H, alkyl H), 1.96-2.08 (m, 1H, alkyl H), 2.30-2.41 (m, 6H, alkyl H), 3.43 (d, J 4.4 Hz, 2H, H5), 4.06 (q, J 5.2 Hz, 1H, to H4), 4.26 (dd, J 9.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H, H3), 4.40 (t, J 5.6 Hz, 1H, NCHCO), 4.69-4.74 (m, 1H, H2), 5.54 (d, J 3.2 Hz, 1H, H1), 7.2.8-7.48 (m, 8H, PhH), 7.65 (s, 1H, PhH).

proton (400 MHz: D₂O) 0.77 (t, J 7.4 Hz, 3H, CH₂CH₃), 1.42-1.56 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₃), 2.37-2.53 (m, 5H, alkyl H), 2.58 (dd, J 15.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H, alkyl H), 2.89 (t, J 7.6 Hz, 2H, ArCH₂), 3.30-3.46 (m, 2H, H5), 4.07-4.15 (m, 1H, H4), 4.42-4.53 (m, 2H, H3, NCHCO), 4.70-4.75 (m, 2H, H2), 5.87 (d, J 2.8 Hz, 1H, H1).

proton (400 MHz: D₂O) 0.78 (t, J 7.2 Hz, 3H, CH₂CH₃), 1.38-1.46 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₃), 2.34 (bs, 4H, alkyl H), 2.70 (t, J 10.2 Hz, 1H, ArCH_(a)), 2.74-2.96 (m, 3H, ArCH_(D), CH₂Ph), 3.25-3.45 (m, 2H, H5), 4.02-4.12 (m, 1H, H4), 4.18-4.25 (m, 2H, H3), 4.29-4.38 (m, 1H, NCHCO), 5.83 (bs, 1H, H1), 6.99-7.20 (m, 5H, PhH).

proton (400 MHz: O₂O) 0.73 (t, J 7.4 Hz, 3H, CH₂CH₃), 1.36-1.50 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₃), 1.73-1.85 (m, 1H, alkyl H), 1.88-2.03 (m, 1H, alkyl H), 2.28-2.45 (m, 6H, alkyl H), 2.84 (q, J 7.5 Hz, 2H, ArCH₂), 3.42 (d, J 4.4 Hz, 2H, H5), 4.10-4.20 (m, 2H, H3, H4), 4.38 (t, J 5.4 Hz, 1H, NCHCO), 5.84 (d, J 2.8 Hz, 1H, H1), 7.34-7.52 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.65 (s, 1H, ArH).

Some Typical Peptide Arms IIa-IIr Used in Step a of Examples 1 and 2

Example 3

(3-a) General Method 4, (3-b) General Method 5, (3-c) General Method 6 (using reagents ArNH₂ and DMSO), (3-d) General Method 6 (using reagents ArCH₂NH₂ and DMF as solvent), (3-e) General Method 7, (3-f) General Method 7, (3-g) General Method 8, (3-h) General Method 3b, effects ring closure, deprotection and cleavage from resin, (3-l) General Method 9, only required for adenine containing compounds.

Blocks IX, X and XI

Analysis of a Typical Example Compound

proton (400 MHz: d₆ DMSO) 4.92 (q, J 4.4 Hz, 1H, H2 or H3), 4.98 (q, J 5.1 Hz, 1H, H2 or H3), 5.33 (d, J 4.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 5.54 (d, J 16.8 Hz, 1H, CH_(a)Ph), 5.62 (d, J 17.2 Hz, 1H, CH_(b)Ph), 5.77 (d, J 5.3 Hz, 1H, OH), 5.80 (d, J 5.4 Hz, 1H, OH), 6.10 (d, J 5.3 Hz, 1H, H1), 6.96 (d, J 7.9 Hz, 1H, PhH), 7.09 (t, J 7.8 Hz, 1H, PhH), 7.24 (bs, 2H, NH₂), 7.27 (bs, 1H, PhH), 7.29 (s, 1H, CONH_(a)), 7.36 (d, J 8.9 Hz, 1H, PhH), 7.47 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.78 (dd, J 8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.98 (bs, 2H, ArH, CONH_(b)), 8.31 (d, J 1.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.37 (s, 1H, ArH).

Example 4

(4-c) General Method 6 using a sugar amine, (4-d) General Method 7, (4-e) General Method 10, (4-f) General Method 3b, (4-g) General Method 9, only required for adenine containing compounds.

Exemplary Aldehydes Used in Step 4-e

Benzaldehyde, 3-Bromobenzaldehyde, m-Tolualdehyde, 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, 4-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-Cyanobenzaldehyde, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde, Indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 2-naphthaldehyde, 3-methyl thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, cyclohexane carboxaldehyde, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, phenyl acetaldehyde, 4-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde, α,α,α-trifluoro-o-tolualdehyde, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 3,5-difluorobenzaldehyde, 2-fluorobenzaldehyde, 4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde.

Example 5

(5-a) General Method 1, (5-b) General Method 4, (5-c) General Method 6, (5-d) General Method 7, (5-e) General Method 3b

Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds

proton (400 MHz: d₆ DMSO) 2.41 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.34-4.53 (m, 4H, H2, H3, H4, H5a), 4.75 (d, J 13.2 Hz, 1H, H5b), 5.80 (s, 1H, H1), 6.97 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.39-7.47 (m, 21-1, ArH), 7.51 (bs, 1H, NHa), 7.57-7.67 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.69-7.75 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.79 (bs, 1H, NHb).

proton (400 MHz: d₆ DMSO) 0.77 (t, J 7.4 Hz, 3H, CH₂CH₃), 1.40 (q, J 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₃), 2.37 (s, 3H, ArCH₃), 2.84-2:98 (m, 2H, ArCH₂), 4.38-4.52 (m, 4H, H2, H3, H4, H5a), 4.70 (bd, J 14.4 Hz, 1H, H5b), 5.80 (s, 1H, H1), 6.85 (d, J 8.0 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.27 (bs, 2H, NHa, ArH), 7.48-7.60 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.78 (bs, 1H, NHb).

proton (400 MHz: d₆ DMSO) 3.77 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.35-4.46 (m, 3H, H2, H3, H4), 4.57 (bdd, J 14.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H, H5a), 4.84 (bd, J 14.8 Hz, 1H, H5b), 5.05 (d, J 11.6 Hz, 1H, OCHa), 5.11 (d, J 11.6 Hz, 1H, OCHb), 5.34 (s, 1H, H1), 6.96-7.04 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.20 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.30-7.46 (m, 7H, ArH), 7.54 (bs, 1H, NHa), 7.60 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.63-7.68 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.71-7.78 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.90 (bs, 1H, NHb).

Example 6

Conditions:

(a) general method 5 (b) general method 6; (c) general method 7, general method 10; (d) general method 9 for adenosine containing compounds only, general method 3b.

Example 7

Example 8

(8-a) General Method 11, (8-b) General Method 3b, (8-c) General Method 12, (8-d) General Method 13, (8-e) General Method 14, (8-f) General Method 3a, (8-g) General Method 9 for adenosine containing compounds.

Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds

Isomer 1:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.46 (s, 1H, H-6); 8.26 (d, 1H, H-8); 7.93 (s, 2H, NH₂); 7.37-7.31 (m, 6 h); 7.15-7.08 (m, 5H); 6.92 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz); 5.86 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz, H-1); 4.70-4.64 (m, 2H, containing H-2 and H_(β1ald)); 4.39 (d, 1H, J=16 Hz, H_(β2ald)); 4.20 (t, 1H, J=4.8 Hz, H_(α)); 4.04-3.96 (m, 2H, containing H-3, H-5A); 3.59 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz, H-4); 2.97 (m, 2H, containing H_(β1), H_(β2)).

Isomer 2:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.42 (s, 1H, H-6); 8.22 (d, 1H, H-8); 7.75 (s, 2H, NH₂); 7.38-7.30 (m, 6 h); 7.17-7.11 (m, 5H); 6.98-6.96 (m, 1H, J=6 Hz); 5.82 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz, H-1); 4.72-4.64 (m, 2H, containing H-2 and H_(β1ald)); 4.40 (d, 1H, J=16.4 Hz, H_(β2ald)); 4.21 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz, H_(α)); 4.08 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz, H-3); 3.97 (q, 1H, J=6.4, 10.4 Hz, H-5A); 3.65 (dd, 1H, J=6.4, 14.4 Hz, H-4); 3.54 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 14.4, H-5A); 2.98 (d, 2H, J=4.8 Hz containing H_(β1), H_(β2)).

Isomer 1:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.48 (s, 1H, H-6); 8.27 (s, 1H, H-8); 7.45 (d, 1H, J=4.4 Hz); 7.40 (d, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 7.24-7.09 (m, 4H); 7.05-7.02 (m, 1H); 6.97-6.91 (m, 2H); 5.84 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz, H-1); 4.86 (d, 1H, J=16 Hz, H_(β1ald)); 4.66-4.63 (m, 1H, H-2); 4.45 (d, 1H, J=16 Hz, H_(β2ald)); 4.21 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz, H_(α)); 4.03 (t, 1H, J=3.6 Hz, H-3); 3.98-3.92 (m, 1H, H-5A); 3.19 (q, 1H, J=5.2, 9.2 Hz H_(β1)); 3.05-3.01 (m, 1H, H_(β2)).

Isomer 2:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.47 (s, 1H, H-6); 8.26 (s, 1H, H-8); 7.44 (d, 1H, J=4 Hz); 7.41 (d, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 7.24-7.09 (m, 4H); 7.05-7.02 (m, 1H); 6.97-6.91 (m, 2H); 5.82 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz, H-1); 4.88 (d, 1H, J=16 Hz, H_(β1ald)); 4.66-4.63 (m, 1H, H-2); 4.45 (d, 1H, J=16 Hz, H_(β2ald)); 4.22 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz, H_(α)); 4.06 (t, 1H, J=4 Hz, H-3); 3.98-3.92 (m, 1H, H-5A); 3.22 (q, 1H, J=5.2, 9.2 Hz H_(β1)); 3.05-3.01 (m, 1H, H_(β2)).

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.37 (s, 1H, H-6); 8.12 (s, 1H, H-8); 7.63 (t, 4H, J=8.4 Hz); 7.46 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz); 7.36-7.27 (m, 5H); 5.87 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz, H-1); 5.53 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz); 5.35 (d, 1H, J=4.8), 4.78 (q, 1H, J=5.2, 10.4 Hz); 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.17-4.08 (m, 2H); 3.92 (s, 2H); 3.82-3.77 (m, 1H); 3.70-3.64 (m, 1H).

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 7.78 (s, 1H); 7.42 (s, 1H); 7.08 (d, 1H, J=4 Hz); 6.88 (d, 1H, J=3.6 Hz); 5.77 (d, 1H, J=2.8 Hz); 4.62-4.60 (m, 1H); 4.54 (s, 2H); 4.39 (t, 1H, J=5.2 Hz); 4.16 (q, 1H, J=6, 11.6 Hz); 3.85 (d, 2H, J=5.2 Hz); 3.62-3.57 (m, 1H); 3.53-3.48 (m, 1H); 3.02-2.90 (m, 3H); 1.54-1.48 (m, 2H); 0.86-0.83 (m, 3H).

Isomer 1:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.40 (s, 1H); 8.18 (s, 1H); 7.62 (s, 2H); 7.56 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz); 7.44 (t, 2H, J=3.6 Hz); 7.37 (t, 3H, J=8.4 Hz); 7.27-7.25 (m, 3H); 7.20-7.18 (m, 2H); 7.08 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz); 5.87 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 4.76 (d, 1H, J=15.6 Hz); 4.67 (t, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 4.30 (d, 1H, J=15.6 Hz); 4.23 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz); 4.04-4.00 (m, 2H); 3.70-3.59 (m, 2H); 3.18-3.04 (m, 2H).

Isomer 2:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.39 (s, 1H); 8.20 (s, 1H); 7.81 (s, 2H); 7.61 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); 7.52 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz); 7.45 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz); 7.35-7.26 (m, 5H); 7.21 (dd, 4H, J=6.8, 15.6); 5.83 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz); 4.78 (d, 1H, J=15.6 Hz); 4.69 (t, 1H, J=5.2 Hz); 4.30 (d, 1H, J=15.6 Hz); 4.25 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz); 4.11 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz); 4.02-3.98 (m, 2H); 3.21-3.06 (m, 2H); 3.18-3.04 (m, 2H).

Isomer 1

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.46 (s, 1H); 8.25 (s, 1H); 7.63 (d, 4H, J=7.2 Hz); 7.52 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz); 7.44-7.36 (m, 5H); 7.28 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz); 7.16 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz); 5.95 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 4.79-4.73 (m, 2H); 4.40-4.33 (m, 2H); 4.13-4.07 (m, 2H); 3.78-3.70 (m, 2H); 3.26-3.11 (m, 2H).

Isomer 2

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.26 (s, 1H); 8.07 (s, 1H); 7.55 (d, 2H, J=7.4 Hz); 7.45 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz); 7.39 (t, 5H, J=7.6 Hz); 7.30 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz); 7.17 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz); 7.11 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz); 5.77 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 5.50 (s, 1H); 5.26 (s, 1H); 4.67-4.63 (m, 2H); 4.25-4.22 (m, 2H); 4.06 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz); 3.95 (q, 1H, J=6.8, 10.4 Hz); 3.67-3.48 (m, 2H); 3.18-2.99 (m, 2H).

Example 9

Conditions:

(a) general method 1; (b) (I) MsCl, DCM, (ii) Tryptamine derivative, DMF (c) R₃CHO, 25% TFA/DCM, rt; (d) general method 3b.

Example 10

Conditions:

(a) (i) general method 4, (ii) o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, DCM, DIPEA, 3 hours, RT; (b) PPh₃, aminoalcohol, DEAD, 24 hr; (c) (i) general method 4, (ii) general method 12; (d) (i) Na⁺PhS⁻, DMF, 12 hours, RT (ii) general method 13 where the amine is intramolecular, (e) general method 3b.

Example 11

Conditions:

(a) DMF, DIPEA; (b) general method 1; (c) general method 3b; (d) reflux in toluene.

Example 12

Conditions:

(a) aldehyde, TMOF/THF; (b) general method 4; (c) general method 12; (d)) (i) Na⁺PhS⁻, DMF, (ii) general method 13 where the second amine is intramolecular; (e) general method 3b

Example 13

Conditions:

(a) R2-isothiocyanate, DCM; (b) Bromoketone, DMF; (c) general method 3b

Example 14

Conditions:

(a) R₂CHO, TMOF, THF; (b) R₃—CO—Cl, NEt₃; (c) general method 3b.

Example 15

Conditions:

(a) Epoxide, DIEA, DMF; (b) CDI, DCM; (c) general method 3b.

Example 16

Conditions:

(a) R₃—CO—CO—R₄, NH₄OAc, R₂—CHO; (b) general method 3b

Example 17

Conditions:

(a) R₂CHO, TMOF, THF; (b) mercapto acetic acid; (c) general method 3b.

Example 18

(18-a) General Method 15, (18-b) General Method 16, (18-c) General Method 9, hydrazine/DMF conditions for adenosine containing compounds only, (18-d) General Method 3b

Exemplary Yield and Crude Product Purity

Ra=adenosine

Purity of crude cpds Compound (%, by ELSD) yield (%) 86 96 33 87 92 33 88 84 31 89 98 31 90 97 27 91 96 46 92 92 35 93 87 28 94 86 34 95 98 40 96 85 33 97 95 35 98 94 45 99 97 39 100 98 39 101 96 40 102 98 47 103 63 23 104 90 38 105 96 31 106 95 49 107 98 46 108 41 18 109 89 38 110 89 41 111 81 18 112 20 12 113 15 8 114 35 12 115 95 22 116 84 42 117 97 39 118 88 34 119 77 25 120 92 44 Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds

proton (400 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 8.29 (s, 1H, H-8), 8.11 (s, 1H, H-2), 8.00 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, Ar—H), 7.87 (broad s, 1H, NH), 7.61 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 8.6 Hz, Ar—H), 7.41 (d, 1H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.30 (broad s, 2H, NH), 7.21 (broad s, 1H, NH), 5.86 (d, 1H, J=5.1 Hz, H′-1), 5.61 (d, 1H, J=6.0 Hz, OH), 5.45 (d, 1H, J=5.4 Hz, OH), 4.72 (qua, 1H, J=5.2 Hz, H′-2 or H′-3), 4.54 (dd, J=15.2, 4.7 Hz, H′-5), 4.47 (dd, 1H, J=15.2, 7.4 Hz, H′-5), 4.31 (qua, 1H, J=4.7 Hz, H′-3 or H′-2), 4.29 (dt, 1H, J=4.7, 7.4 Hz).

carbon (100 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 168.7, 156.6, 154.8, 153.2, 149.8, 142.9, 140.4, 139.3, 128.4, 121.9, 119.8, 117.6, 109.8, 88.5, 82.7, 73.5, 71.8, 46.9.

proton (400 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 8.38 (s, 1H, H-8), 8.15 (s, 1H, H-2), 7.95 (broad s, 1H, NH), 7.64 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, Ar—H), 7.54 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 8.3 Hz, Ar—H), 7.31 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar—H), 7.30 (broad s, 1H, NH), 7.25 (broad s, 1H, NH), 5.85 (d, 1H, J=6.3 Hz, H′-1), 5.54 (d, 1H, J=6.2 Hz, OH), 5.38 (d, 1H, J=5.1 Hz, OH), 4.82 (qua, 1H, J=5.8 Hz, H′-3 or H′-2), 4.70 (dd, 1H, J=4.6, 13.8 Hz, H′-5), 4.49-4.38 (m, 2H, H′-5H′-4), 4.35 (m, 1H, H′), 2.10 (s, 3H, CH₃).

carbon (100 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 170.2, 167.9, 156.6, 153.2, 150.0, 140.4, 135.9, 131.1, 129.6, 122.3, 119.8, 110.0, 109.7, 87.8, 82.4, 73.2, 71.9, 46.9, 31.5.

proton (400 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 8.30 (s, 1H, H-8), 8.11 (s, 1H, H-1), 8.08 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, Ar—H), 7.59 (broad s, 1H, NH), 7.63 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 8.3 Hz, Ar—H), 7.43 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz, Ar—H), 7.31 (broad s, 2H, NH₂), 7.22 (broad s, 1H, NH), 5.87 (d, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, H′-1), 5.63 (d, 1H, J=5.8 Hz, OH), 5.46 (d, 1H, J=5.4 Hz, OH), 4.75 (qua, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, H′-2 or H′-3), 4.54 (dd, 1H, J=4.7, 15.3 Hz, H′-5), 4.48 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 15.3 Hz, H′-5), 4.34 (qua, 1H, J=4.7 Hz, H′-2 or H′-3), 4.25 (dt, 1H, J=4.7, 7.4 Hz, H′-4), 3.24 (qua, 2H, J=7.3 Hz, CH₂), 1.32 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz, CH₃).

carbon (100 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 168.7, 156.6, 153.8, 153.2, 149.8, 143.0, 140.4, 139.1, 128.4, 121.9, 119.8, 117.6, 109.9, 88.5, 82.7, 73.4, 71.8, 46.9, 27.2, 15.6.

Yield and Purity of Crude Products

Ra=

Purity of Crude cpds Compound# R¹ (%, by ELSD) yield (%) 121 Ph 96.9 38 122 Ph 94.8 5 123 Ph 96.7 31 124 Ph 97.8 34 125 Ph 50.6 38 126 Ph 97.3 21 127 Ph 98.3 41 128 Ph 97.7 26 129 Ph 97.7 14 130 Ph 96.7 28 131 Ph 91.1 23 132 Ph 97.9 39 133 Ph 96.9 36 134 Ph 89.0 31 135 Ph 97.5 33 136 Ph 96.4 22 137 Ph 97.0 30 138 Ph 96.7 28 139 Ph 84.6 23 140 Ph 83.3 24 141 Ph 97.1 28 142 Ph 97.0 27 143 Ph 95.3 35 144 Ph 72.8 25 145 Ph 88.6 30 146 Ph 85.7 8 147 Ph 66.3 23 148 Ph 68.1 25 149 Ph 26.1 15 150 Ph 97.7 7 151 Ph 99.1 5 152 Ph 97.8 6 153 Ph 48.4 17 154 Ph 95.6 26 155 Ph 96.0 31 156 Ph 74.50 2 157 Ph 7.9 3 158 Ph 53.6 17 159 Pr 96.4 12 160 Pr 98.2 37 161 Pr 96.8 20 162 Pr 96.9 36 163 Pr 97.4 19 164 Pr 96.4 36 165 Pr 96.7 27 166 Pr 97.2 24 167 Pr 96.8 17 168 Pr 95.0 33 169 Pr 82.1 15 170 Pr 95.8 34 171 Pr 97.0 37 172 Pr 97.4 23 173 Pr 96.8 33 174 Pr 96.9 37 175 Pr 96.9 41 176 Pr 96.9 28 177 Pr 89.9 7 178 Pr 98.2 35 179 Pr 97.3 37 180 Pr 96.4 36 181 Pr 93.7 28 182 Pr 80.7 26 183 Pr 96.6 36 184 Pr 97.7 36 185 Pr 60.2 21 186 Pr 86.9 33 187 Pr 39.7 15 188 Pr 97.2 2 189 Pr 99.5 60 190 Pr 98.4 4 191 Pr 60.0 5 192 Pr 96.0 34 193 Pr 96.7 36 194 Pr 95.4 12 195 Pr 17.0 2 196 Pr 80.5 11 Analysis of a Typical Example Compounds

proton (400 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 8.13 (d, 1H, J=1.3 Hz, Ar—H), 8.09 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz, Ar—H), 7.93 (broad s, 1H, NH), 7.86 (broad s, 1H, NH), 7.70 (dd, 1H, J=1.3, 8.4 Hz, Ar—H), 7.64 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz, Ar—H), 7.50-7.30 (m, 5H, Ar—H), 7.28 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar—H), 7.25 (broad s, 1H, NH), 5.75 (d, 1H, J=5.48 Hz, OH), 5.53 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz, OH), 5.37 (d, 1H, J=1.7 Hz, H′-1), 4.75-4.60 (m, 3H, CH+CH₂), 4.54-4.40 (m, 2H, CH), 4.30-4.23 (m, 2H, CH).

Carbon (100 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 167.6, 161.1, 152.2, 146.2 145.3, 141.8, 138.9, 138.2, 138.1, 129.9, 129.7, 129.4, 127.8, 127.7, 125.0, 123.2, 121.3, 116.9, 108.8, 89.7, 82.3, 74., 71.8, 46.3, 34.7.

Example 19

(19-a) General Method 17, (19-b) General Method 18, (19-c) General Method 9 for adenosine containing compounds only, (19-d) General Method 3b.

Retention time, observed mass, yield Compound 2 components 19-III and 19-IV 312 Rt = 4.24 min (M + H)⁺ = 516 (26%), Rt = 4.75 min (M + H)⁺ = 544 (72%) 313 Rt = 4.80 min (M + H)⁺ = 550 (3%), Rt = 5.28 min (M + H)⁺ = 578 (72%) 314 Rt = 4.52 min (M + H)⁺ = 546 (23%), Rt = 4.96 min (M + H)⁺ = 574 (74%) 315 Rt = 4.70 min (M + H)⁺ = 530 (11%), Rt = 5.17 min (M + H)⁺ = 558 (88%) 316 Rt = 4.69 min (M + H)⁺ = (2%), Rt = 5.23 min (M + H)⁺ = (19%) 317 Rt = 5.82 min (M + H)⁺ = 572 (22%), Rt = 6.26 min (M + H)⁺ = 544 (78%) 318 Rt = 4.81 min (M + H)⁺ = 596 (73%), Rt = 5.40 min (M + H)⁺ = 624 (27%) 319 Rt = 4.68 min (M + H)⁺ = 530 (2%), Rt = 5.15 min (M + H)⁺ = 558 (98%) 320 Rt = 5.92 min (M + H)⁺ = 608 (25%), Rt = 6.37 min (M + H)⁺ = 636 (75%) 321 Rt = 5.97 min (M + H)⁺ = 622 (52%), Rt = 6.48 min (M + H)⁺ = 650 (48%) 322 Rt = 5.74 min (M + H)⁺ = 592 (43%), Rt = 6.27 min (M + H)⁺ = 620 (57%) 323 Rt = 5.15 min (M + H)⁺ = 569 (14%), Rt = 5.98 min (M + H)⁺ = 597(86%) 324 Rt = 5.63 min (M + H)⁺ = 603 (46%), Rt = 6.62 min (M + H)⁺ = 631(52%) 325 Rt = 5.34 min (M + H)⁺ = 599 (23%), Rt = 6.20 min (M + H)⁺ = 627 (77%) 326 Rt = 5.51 min (M + H)⁺ = 583 (38%), Rt = 6.38 min (M + H)⁺ = 611 (62%) 327 Rt = 5.58 min (M + H)⁺ = 603 (90%), Rt = 6.46 min (M + H)⁺ = 631 (8%) 328 Rt = 6.54 min (M + H)⁺ = 625 (55%), Rt = 7.41 min (M + H)⁺ = 653 (45%) 329 Rt = 5.77 min (M + H)⁺ = 647 (31%), Rt = 6.66 min (M + H)⁺ = 677 (55%) 330 Rt = 5.59 min (M + H)⁺ = 612 (28%), Rt = 6.20 min (M + H)⁺ = 640 (61%) 331 Rt = 5.51 min (M + H)⁺ = 583 (22%), Rt = 6.31 min (M + H)⁺ = 611 (78%) 332 Rt = 6.57 min (M + H)⁺ = 661 (42%), Rt = 7.50 min (M + H)⁺ = 689 (58%) 333 Rt = 6.75 min (M + H)⁺ = 675 (38%), Rt = 7.62 min (M + H)⁺ = 703 (60%) 334 Rt = 6.56 min (M + H)⁺ = 645 (55%), Rt = 7.38 min (M + H)⁺ = 673 (44%) 335 Rt = 5.03 min (M + H)⁺ = 535 (17%), Rt = 5.77 min (M + H)⁺ = 563 (82%) 335 Rt = 5.58 min (M + H)⁺ = 569 (11%), Rt = 6.35 min (M + H)⁺ = 597 (87%) 336 Rt = 5.26 min (M + H)⁺ = 565 (15%), Rt = 6.0 min (M + H)⁺ = 593 (84%) 337 Rt = 5.33 min (M + H)⁺ = 5.49 (12%), Rt = 6.04 min (M + H)⁺ = 577 (88%) 338 Rt = 5.41 min (M + H)⁺ = 569 (79%), Rt = 6.27 min (M + H)⁺ = 597 (5%) 339 Rt = 6.44 min (M + H)⁺ = 591 (36%), Rt = 7.29 min (M + H)⁺ = 619(64%) 340 Rt = 5.67 (M + H)⁺ = 615 (18%), Rt = 6.46 min (M + H)⁺ = 643 (79%) 341 Rt = 6.51 min (M + H)⁺ = 591 (8%) 342 Rt = 5.37 min (M + H)⁺ = 549 (25%), Rt = 6.20 min (M + H)⁺ = 577 (75%) 343 Rt = 6.54 min (M + H)⁺ = 627 (19%), Rt = 7.40 min (M + H)⁺ = 655 (81%) 344 Rt = 6.64 min (M + H)⁺ = 641 (30%), Rt = 7.52 min (M + H)⁺ = 669 (69%) 345 Rt = 6.41 min (M + H)⁺ = 611 (58%), Rt = 7.26 min (M + H)⁺ = 639 (42%)

Example 20

(20-a) General Method 12, (20-b) General Method 19, (20-c) General Method 6, (20-d) General Method 20, (20-e) General Method 21, (20-f) General Method 9 for adenosine containing compounds only, then General Method 3b for all compounds.

Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.37 (s, 1H); 8.24 (s, 1H); 7.57 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz); 7.35 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); 7.30 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz); 7.21 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 6.77 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 5.81 (d, 1H, J=4.4 Hz); 4.71-4.63 (m, 3H), 4.64 (t, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 4.46-4.38 (m, 2H); 4.33-4.30 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H).

Beta Isomer:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.41 (m, 6H); 7.28 (dd, 2H, J=1.2, 7.6 Hz); 6.84 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz); 5.31 (d, 1H, J=2 Hz); 4.66 (d, 1H, J=11.2 Hz); 4.51 (s, 1H); 4.41-4.32 (m, 3H); 3.97-3.88 (m, 3H); 2.98 (s, 3H); 1.73-1.66 (m, 2H); 1.39-1.26 (m, 12H); 0.87-0.84 (m, 3H).

Alpha Isomer:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, 3H, J=8.4 Hz); 7.51-7.46 (m, 6H); 7.11 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz); 5.43 (d, 1H, J=4.4 Hz); 4.91 (s, 1H); 4.37 (s, 1H); 4.23 (q, 1H, J=5.6, 8.8 Hz); 4.06 (t, 2H, J=6.4 Hz); 3.79 (s, 3H); 1.77-1.70 (m, 2H); 1.44-1.26 (m, 12H); 0.87-0.84 (m, 3H).

Example 21

(21-a) General Method 12, (21-b) General Method 6, (21-c) General Method 7, (21-d) General Method 1 or 22, (21-e) General Method 9, (21-f) General Method 3-b then General Method 3a.

Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds:

proton (400 MHz, d⁶-DMSO): 8.36 (s, 1H, H-8), 8.25 (s, 1H, H-2), 7.88 (s, 2H, ArCH), 7.62 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz, ArCH), 6.84 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz, ArCH), 5.85 (d, 1H, J=3.6 Hz, H′-1), 4.73 (dd, 1H, J=3.5, 15.8 Hz, CH), 4.57-4.64 (m, 2H, CH₂), 4.36 (t, 1H, J=5.6 Hz, CH), 4.22 (m, 1H, H′-4), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH₃).

Example 22

(22-a) General Method 1, general method 4 (22-13) General Method 12, (22-c) General Method 23, (22-d) General Method 9, (22-e) General Method 3-a.

Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds:

Isomer1:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.48 (s, 1H); 8.17 (s, 1H); 7.39-7.22 (m, 6H); 7.11 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz); 6.86 (d, 2H, J=6.8 Hz); 5.93 (d, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 4.67 (t, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 4.59 (t, 1H, J=3.6 Hz); 4.34 (t, 1H, J=5.2 Hz); 4.22 (q, 1H, J=4.8, 10 Hz); 4.00 (dd, 1H, J=6.8, 15.2 Hz); 3.76 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 14.8 Hz); 3.26 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 14 Hz); 3.05 (dd, 1H, J=3.6, 14.4 Hz).

Isomer2:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.59 (s, 1H); 8.31 (s, 1H); 7.38-7.23 (m, 5H); 7.11-7.06 (m, 3H); 6.88 (d, 2H, J=6.8 Hz); 5.97 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz); 4.84 (t, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 4.50 (t, 1H, J=3.6 Hz); 4.25-4.22 (m, 2H); 4.14 (dd, 1H, J=3.6, 14.8 Hz); 3.23 (dd, 1H, J=5.2, 14.4 Hz); 3.00 (dd, 1H, J=2.8, 14 Hz).

Isomer 1:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 10.94 (s, 1H); 8.59 (s, 1H); 8.26 (s, 1H); 7.48 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz); 7.32-7.26 (m, 4H); 7.10 (s, 1H); 7.06 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz); 6.93 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz); 6.69-6.67 (m, 2H); 5.95 (d, 1H, J=5.2 Hz); 4.66 (t, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 4.54 (t, 1H, J=3.2 Hz); 4.33 (t, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 4.25 (q, 1H, J=5.2, 10.8 Hz); 4.00 (dd, 1H, J=6.4, 15.2 Hz); 3.76 (dd, 1H, J=4, 14.8 Hz); 3.37-3.25 (m, 2H).

Isomer 2:

proton NMR (400MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 10.95 (s, 1H); 8.68 (s, 1H); 7.43 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz); 7.32 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz); 7.27-7.25 (m, 2H); 7.09 (s, 1H); 7.06 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz); 6.92 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz); 6.70 (dd, 2H, J=3.6, 7.6 Hz); 5.99 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 4.81 (t, 1H, J=5.2 Hz); 4.47 (t, 1H, J=3.2 Hz); 4.29-4.22 (m, 2H); 4.12 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 14.8 Hz); 3.68 (dd, 1H, J=8.4, 14.8 Hz); 3.36 (dd, 1H, J=5.2, 15.2 Hz); 3.24 (dd, 1H, J=2.4, 15.2 Hz).

Isomer 1:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.96 (s, 1H); 8.49 (s, 1H); 8.03 (s, 1H); 7.73 (d, 2H, J=10.8 Hz); 7.67 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); 7.49 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz); 7.40-7.35 (m, 2H); 7.34 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz); 5.95 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 4.70 (t, 1H, J=5.2 Hz); 4.65 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz); 4.31 (t, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 4.27-4.23 (m, 1H); 3.95 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 15.2 Hz); 3.77 (dd, 1H, J=4, 14.8 Hz); 3.26-3.24 (m, 2H).

Isomer 2:

proton NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ: 8.97 (s, 1H); 8.51 (s, 1H); 7.82 (s, 1H); 7.73 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz); 7.67 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); 7.49 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); 7.40-7.35 (m, 2H); 7.25 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz); 5.95 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 4.79 (t, 1H, J=4.8 Hz); 4.62 (t, 1H, J=5.6 Hz); 4.27-4.22 (m, 2H); 4.16 (dd, 1H, J=4, 14.8 Hz); 3.33-3.21 (m, 2H).

Example 23

(23-a) General Method 1, (23-b) General Method 4, (23-c) General Method 6, (23-d) General Method 10, (23-e) General Method 4 or General Method 20, (23-f) General Method 12. (23-g) General Method 9. (23-h) General Method 3a.

(23-i) General Method 22, (23-j) General Method 3-a

(23-k) General Method 7, (23-l) General Method 17, followed by treatment of the resins with a 1.43 Molar solution (˜10 equivalents) of piperazine in dry DMF at room temperature overnight. The resin was then drained, washed (2×DMF and 3×DCM) and then dried in vacuo, General Method 12; (23-m)

General Method 3-a.

Analysis of a Typical Example Compounds:

proton (400 MHz: d₆ DMSO) 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.30 (bs, 2H, H2, H3), 4.43 (bd, J 6.0 Hz, 3H, H4, NCH₂Ph), 4.65 (dd, J 15.6, 6.2 Hz, 1H, H5a), 4.91 (d, J 14.8 Hz, 1H, H5b), 5.35 (s, 1H, H1), 6.64 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 6.98 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.19 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.22-7.36 (m, 5H, ArH, NHa), 7.42-7.56 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.71 (t, J 7.6 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.82 (bs, 1H, NHb).

proton (400 MHz: d₆ DMSO) 4.24-4.31 (m, 1H, H4), 4.38 (dd, J 7.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H, H3), 4.47 (dd, J 4.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H, H2), 4.50 (dd, J 15.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H, H5a), 4.76 (dd, J 15.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H, H5b), 5.33 (d, J 1.2 Hz, 1H, H1), 7.29 (dd, J 7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.40-7.62 (m, 8H, ArH, ArCONHa), 7.68 (d, J 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.83 (s, 1H, ArCONHb), 7.88 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.91-7.99 (m, 3H, ArH), 10.46 (s, 1H, ArNHCOPh).

Example 24

(24-a) General Method 1, (24-b) General Method 4, (24-c) General Method 12, (24-d) General Method 13, (24-e) General Method 3-b.

Analysis of Some Typical Example Compounds:

proton (d⁶-DMSO, 400 MHz): 8.51 (s, 1H, H-2/8), 8.31 (s, 1H, H-2/8), 7.60-7.05 (m, 8H, ArCH), 5.86 (d, 1H, J=5.6, Hz, H′-1), 4.67 (t, 1H, J=5.5 Hz, H′-2/3), 4.64 (d, 1H, J_(AB)=16.1 Hz, HA−), 4.39 (d, 1H, J_(AB)=16.1 Hz, HB−), 4.34 (t, 1H, J=5.1 Hz, H-2/3), 4.09 (t, 1H, J=4.2 Hz), 3.99 (m, 1H, H′-4), 3.67 (dd, 1H, J=5.8 Hz, 14.0 Hz, HA), 3.58 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 14.0 Hz, HB), 3.14 (dd, 1H, J=5.1, 14.4 Hz, H′-5A), 3.02 (dd, 1H, J=4.6, 14.4 Hz, H′-5B).

proton (d⁶-DMSO, 400 MHz): 8.48 (s, 1H, H-2/8), 8.29 (s, 1H, H-2/8), 7.57-7.00 (m, 8H, ArCH), 5.88 (d, 1H, J=5.8 Hz, H′-1), 4.68 (t, J=5.2 Hz, H′—), 4.60 (d, 1H, J_(AB)=16.1 Hz, H—), 4.38 (d, 1H, J_(AB)=16.1 Hz, H), 4.34 (t, 1H, J=5.1 Hz, H—), 4.07 (t, 1H, J=4.6 Hz, H), 4.01 (m, 1H, H′-4), 3.64 (d, 2H, AB system, H—), 3.12 (dd, 1H, J=5.2, 14.6 Hz, H_(A)—), 3.01 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 14.6 Hz, H₈—).

Exemplary Compounds of the Invention:

The substructures A-H listed below are substituents in the field R1 in the libraries of compounds that follow.

Others substituents referred to in the following libraries may be subsequently found in the text at the end of examples.

Example 25

R (on Comp. R1 R2 ISOMER arm) 1 A IIa-1 L and D H 2 A IIb-1 L and D H 3 A IIc-1 L and D H 4 A IId-1 L and D H 5 A IIe-1 L H 6 A IIe-1 D H 7 A IIf-1 L and D H 8 A IIg-1 L and D H 9 A Ilh-1 L and D H 10 A IIi-1 L and D H 11 A IIj-1 L and D H 12 A IIk-1 L and D H 13 A IIl-1 L and D H 14 A IIo-1 L H 15 A IIo-1 D H 16 B IIa-1 L and D methyl 17 B IIb-1 L and D methyl 18 B IIc-1 L and D methyl 19 B IId-1 L and D methyl 20 B IIe-1 L and D H 21 B IIf-1 L and D H 22 B IIh-1 L and D methyl 23 B IIi-1 L and D ethyl 24 B IIj-1 L and D ethvl 25 B IIk-1 L and D methyl 26 B IIr-1 L and D methyl 27 B IIl-1 L and D methyl 28 B IIo-1 L and D methyl 29 B IIp-1 L and D methyl 30 B IIq-1 L and D methyl

Example 26

R (on Comp. R1 R2 Isomer arm) 31 C IIa-1 L and D H 32 C IIb-1 L and D H 33 D IIb-1 L and D H 34 C IIc-1 L and D H 35 C IId-1 L and D H 36 D IId-1 L and D H 37 D IIe-1 L and D H 38 C IIe-1 L and D H 39 D IIf-1 L and D H 40 C IIf-1 L and D H 41 D IIg-1 L and D H 42 C IIh-1 L and D H 43 D IIh-1 L and D H 44 C IIi-1 L H 45 D IIi-1 L H 46 C IIj-1 L H 47 D IIj-1 L H 48 C IIk-1 L and D H 49 D IIk-1 L and D H 50 C IIr-1 L H 51 D IIr-1 L H 52 C IIl-1 L H 53 D IIl-1 L H 54 C IIn-1 L H 55 D IIn-1 L H 56 C IIo-1 L H 57 D IIo-1 L H 58 C IIp-1 L H 59 D IIp-1 L H 60 C IIq-1 L H 61 D IIq-1 L H 62 C IIb-1 L H 63 D IIb-1 L H 64 C IIe-1 L H 65 D IIe-1 L H

Example 27

Comp. R1 R2 R3 R4 66 A α4 ν2 Σ1 67 A β7 ν2 Σ1 68 A β6 ν2 Σ1 69 A χ5 ν2 Σ1 70 A κ4 ν2 Σ1 71 A α4 ν2 α4 72 A β7 ν2 α4 73 A β6 ν2 α4 74 A χ5 ν2 α4 75 A κ4 ν2 α4 76 A α4 α1 Σ1 77 A β7 α1 Σ1 78 A β6 α1 Σ1 79 A χ5 α1 Σ1 80 A κ4 α1 Σ1 81 A α4 α1 α1 82 A β7 α1 α1 83 A β6 α1 α1 84 A χ5 α1 α1 85 A κ4 α1 α1

Example 28

Comp. R1 R2 86 A β1 87 A γ1 88 A β2 89 A δ2 90 A ε1 91 A κ1 92 A π1 93 A ω1 94 A ε2 95 A σ1 96 A β3 97 A γ2 98 A γ3 99 A δ2 100 A ε3 101 A κ2 102 A π2 103 A ε4 104 A β4 105 A γ4 106 A β5 107 A φ1 108 A π3 109 A φ2 110 A ν1 111 A ν2 112 A ν3 113 A ν4 114 A λ1 115 A ν5 116 A ν6 117 A ε5 118 A ε6 119 A ν7 120 A χ1

Example 29

Comp. R1 R2 121 C α1 122 C β1 123 C γ1 124 C β2 125 C δ1 126 C ε1 127 C κ1 128 C π1 129 C ω1 130 C ε2 131 C σ1 132 C β3 133 C γ2 134 C γ3 135 C δ2 137 C ε3 137 C κ2 138 C π2 139 C ε4 140 C β4 141 C γ4 142 C β5 143 C φ1 144 C π3 145 C φ2 146 C ν1 147 C ν2 148 C ν3 149 C ν4 150 C λ1 151 C ν5 152 C ν6 153 C ρ1 154 C ε5 155 C ε6 156 C ρ2 157 C ν7 158 C χ1 159 D α1 160 D β1 161 D γ1 162 D β2 163 D δ1 164 D ε1 165 D κ1 166 D π1 167 D ω1 168 D ε2 169 D σ1 170 D β3 171 D γ2 172 D γ3 173 D δ2 174 D ε3 175 D κ2 176 D π2 177 D ε4 178 D β4 179 D γ4 180 D β5 181 D φ1 182 D π3 183 D φ2 184 D ν1 185 D ν2 186 D ν3 187 D ν4 188 D λ1 189 D ν5 190 D ν6 191 D ρ1 192 D ε5 193 D ε6 194 D ρ2 195 D ν7 196 D χ1

Example 30

Comp. R1 R2 R3 197 A π4 ψ1 198 A β1 ψ1 199 A ξ1 ψ1 200 A ε5 ψ1 201 A ε2 ψ1 202 A σ1 ψ1 203 A α2 ψ1 204 A μ1 ψ1 205 A τ1 ψ1 206 A τ2 ψ1 207 A μ2 ψ1 208 A ε7 ψ1 209 A μ3 ψ1 210 A γ2 ψ1 211 A γ5 ψ1 212 A π4 α1 213 A β1 α1 214 A ξ1 α1 215 A ε5 α1 216 A ε2 α1 217 A σ1 α1 218 A α2 α1 219 A μ1 α1 220 A τ1 α1 221 A τ2 α1 222 A ε7 α1 223 A μ3 α1 224 A γ2 α1 225 A γ5 α1 226 C π4 ψ1 227 C β1 ψ1 228 C ξ1 ψ1 229 C ε5 ψ1 230 C μ1 ψ1 231 C τ1 ψ1 232 C τ2 ψ1 233 C μ2 ψ1 234 C ε7 ψ1 235 C μ3 ψ1 236 C γ2 ψ1 237 C γ5 ψ1 238 C ξ1 α1 239 C ε5 α1 240 C ε2 α1 241 C σ1 α1 242 C α2 α1 243 C μ1 α1 244 C τ1 α1 245 C τ2 α1 246 C μ2 α1 247 C ε7 α1 248 C μ3 α1 249 C γ2 α1 250 C γ5 α1 251 D π4 α1 252 D β1 α1 253 D ε2 ψ1 254 D σ1 ψ1

Example 31

Comp. R1 R2 255 A σ2 256 A ξ3 257 A β6 258 A θ1 259 A ε8 260 A χ2 261 A χ3 262 A χ4 253 A ν8 264 A β8 265 A π5 266 A μ4 267 A μ5 268 A τ3 269 A α3 270 A τ4 271 A σ3 272 A β9 273 A μ6 274 C ξ2 275 C β6 276 C φ1 277 C θ1 278 C χ2 279 C χ3 280 C χ4 281 C ν8 282 C β8 283 C π5 284 C μ4 285 C μ5 286 C τ3 287 C α3 288 C τ4 289 C σ3 290 C β9 291 C μ6 292 D σ2 293 D ξ2 294 D β6 295 D φ1 296 D θ1 297 D ε8 298 D χ2 299 D χ3 300 D χ4 301 D ν8 302 D β8 303 D π5 304 D μ4 305 D μ5 306 D τ3 307 D α3 308 D τ4 309 D σ3 310 D β9 311 D μ6

Example 32

Comp. R1 R2 R3 312 A Σ2 α4 313 A Σ2 β6 314 A Σ2 χ5 315 A Σ2 ε9 316 A Σ2 β7 317 A Σ2 ε10 318 A ψ1 θ2 319 A Σ2 ε11 320 A Σ2 χ6 321 A ψ1 χ4 322 A Σ2 σ3 323 C Σ2 α4 324 C Σ2 β6 325 C Σ2 χ5 326 C Σ2 ε9 327 C ψ1 β7 328 C ψ1 ε10 329 C Σ2 θ2 330 C Σ2 ξ3 331 C Σ2 ε11 332 C Σ2 χ6 333 C Σ2 χ4 334 C ψ1 σ3 335 D Σ2 α4 336 D Σ2 β6 337 D Σ2 χ5 338 D Σ2 ε9 339 D ψ1 β7 340 D Σ2 ε10 341 D Σ2 θ2 342 D Σ2 ε11 343 D Σ2 χ6 344 D Σ2 χ4 345 D ψ1 σ3

Example 33

Comp. R1 R2 346 A χ5 347 D χ5 348 A ε9 349 D ε9 350 A χ6 351 D χ7 352 A α1 353 C α1 354 D α1 355 A θ3 356 C θ3 357 D θ3 358 A γ3 359 C γ3 360 D γ3 361 A θ4 362 C θ4 363 D θ4 364 A γ1 365 C γ1 366 D γ1 367 A ε3 368 C ε3 369 D ε3 370 A χ1 371 C χ1 372 D χ1 373 A ε5 374 C ε5 375 D ε5 376 A κ1 377 C κ1 378 D κ1 379 A θ1 380 C θ1 381 D θ1 382 A κ2 383 C κ2 384 D κ2 385 A α5 386 C α5 387 D α5 388 A β10 389 C β10 390 D β10 391 A γ6 392 C γ6 393 D γ6 394 A ν2 395 C ν2 396 D ν2

Example 34

Comp. R1 R2 397 A θ1 398 C θ1 399 D θ1 400 A α4 401 A ε11 402 A χ8 403 A ε9 404 A ξ3 405 A ω2 406 A α6 407 A μ7 408 A φ3 409 A τ4 410 A α7 411 A μ8 412 A α1 413 A ε10 414 A κ3 415 A ε12 416 A γ7 417 A γ8 418 A γ9 419 C α4 420 C ε11 421 C χ8 422 C ε9 423 C ξ3 424 C ω2 425 C α6 426 C μ7 427 C φ3 428 C τ4 429 C α7 430 C μ6 431 C α1 432 C ε10 433 C κ3 434 C ε12 435 C γ7 436 C γ8 437 C γ9 438 D α4 439 D ε11 440 D χ8 441 D ε9 442 D ξ3 443 D ω2 444 D α6 445 D μ7 446 D φ3 447 D τ4 448 D α7 449 D μ8 450 D α1 451 D ε10 451 D κ3 453 D ε12 454 D γ7 455 D γ8 456 D γ9

Example 35

Comp. R1 R2 457 D θ1 458 D β8 459 D χ3 460 D μ6 461 D μ9

Example 36

Comp. R1 R2 462 D ε2 463 D σ1 464 D δ2 465 D β4 466 D φ1

Example 37

Compound No. R1 R2 R3 467 E χ3 Σ3 468 E μ6 Σ3 469 E χ2 Σ3 470 E χ3 ψ1 471 E μ6 ψ1 472 E σ3 ψ1 473 E χ4 ψ1 474 E χ2 ψ1 475 C χ3 ψ1 476 C μ6 ψ1 477 C σ3 ψ1 478 C χ4 ψ1 479 C χ2 ψ1 480 A χ3 ψ1 481 A μ6 ψ1 482 A σ3 ψ1 483 A χ4 ψ1 484 A χ2 ψ1

Example 38

Compound No R1 R2 R3 485 A χ5 ψ1 486 A χ9 ψ1 487 A χ7 ψ1 488 A χ10 ψ1 489 A χ11 ψ1 490 A χ12 ψ1 491 A χ13 ψ1 492 A χ14 ψ1 493 A χ15 ψ1 494 A χ16 ψ1 495 A χ17 ψ1 496 A χ18 ψ1 497 A χ19 ψ1 498 A χ23 ψ1 499 A σ4 ψ1 500 A χ20 ψ1 501 A ξ4 ψ1 502 A β11 ψ1 503 A χ21 ψ1 504 A χ22 ψ1 505 C χ5 ψ1 506 C χ9 ψ1 507 C χ7 ψ1 508 C χ10 ψ1 509 C χ11 ψ1 510 C χ12 ψ1 511 C χ13 ψ1 512 C χ14 ψ1 513 C χ15 ψ1 514 C χ16 ψ1 515 C χ17 ψ1 516 C χ18 ψ1 517 C χ19 ψ1 518 C χ23 ψ1 519 C σ4 ψ1 520 C χ20 ψ1 521 C ξ4 ψ1 522 C β11 ψ1 523 C χ21 ψ1 524 C χ22 ψ1 525 D χ5 ψ1 526 D χ9 ψ1 527 D χ7 ψ1 528 D χ10 ψ1 529 D χ11 ψ1 530 D χ12 ψ1 531 D χ13 ψ1 532 D χ14 ψ1 533 D χ15 ψ1 534 D χ16 ψ1 535 D χ17 ψ1 536 D χ18 ψ1 537 D χ19 ψ1 538 D χ23 ψ1 539 D σ4 ψ1 540 D χ20 ψ1 541 D ξ4 ψ1 542 D β11 ψ1 543 D χ21 ψ1 544 D χ22 ψ1 545 A χ5 χ1 546 A χ9 χ9-1 547 A χ7 χ7-1 548 A χ10 χ10-1 549 A χ11 χ11-1 550 A χ12 χ12-1 551 A χ13 χ13-1 552 A χ14 χ14-1 553 A χ15 χ15-1 554 A χ16 χ16-1 555 A χ17 χ17-1 556 A χ18 χ18-1 557 A χ19 χ19-1 558 A χ23 χ23-1 559 A σ4 σ4-1 560 A χ20 χ20-1 561 A ξ4 ξ4-1 562 A β11 β4 563 A χ22 χ22-1 564 C χ5 χ1 565 C χ9 χ9-1 566 C χ7 χ7-1 567 C χ10 χ10-1 568 C χ11 χ11-1 569 C χ12 χ12-1 570 C χ13 χ13-1 571 C χ14 χ14-1 572 C χ15 χ15-1 573 C χ16 χ16-1 574 C χ17 χ17-1 575 C χ18 χ18-1 576 C χ19 χ19-1 577 C χ23 χ23-1 578 C σ4 σ4-1 579 C χ20 χ20-1 580 C ξ4 ξ4-1 581 C β11 β4 582 C χ22 χ22-1 583 D χ5 χ1 584 D χ9 χ9-1 585 D χ7 χ7-1 586 D χ10 χ10-1 587 D χ11 χ11-1 588 D χ12 χ12-1 589 D χ13 χ13-1 590 D χ14 χ14-1 591 D χ15 χ15-1 592 D χ16 χ16-1 593 D χ17 χ17-1 594 D χ18 χ18-1 595 D χ19 χ19-1 596 D χ23 χ23-1 597 D σ4 σ4-1 598 D ξ4 ξ4-1 599 D β11 β4 600 D χ22 χ22-1

Example 39

Compound No R1 R2 R3 601 A ξ1 α1 602 A ε5 α1 603 A ε2 α1 604 A τ1 α1 605 A τ2 α1 606 A μ3 α1 607 E τ2 α1 608 E μ2 α1 609 E μ3 α1 610 E γ5 α1

Example 40

Compound No R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 611 C χ4 ψ1 ψ1 612 F χ5 ψ1 ψ1 613 D χ5 ψ1 ψ1 614 C χ5 ψ1 ψ1 615 G χ5 ψ1 ψ1 616 H χ5 ψ1 ψ1 617 F χ5 κ5 ψ1 618 D χ5 κ5 ψ1 619 C χ5 κ5 ψ1 620 G χ5 κ5 ψ1 621 H χ5 κ5 ψ1 622 F χ5 ψ1 ν5 623 D χ5 ψ1 ν5 624 C χ5 ψ1 ν5 625 G χ5 ψ1 ν5 626 H χ5 ψ1 ν5 627 F χ5 β12 β12 628 D χ5 β12 β12 629 C χ5 β12 β12 630 G χ5 β12 β12 631 H χ5 β12 β12 632 F χ18 ψ1 ψ1 633 D χ18 ψ1 ψ1 634 C χ18 ψ1 ψ1 635 G χ18 ψ1 ψ1 636 H χ18 ψ1 ψ1 637 F χ18 κ5 ψ1 638 D χ18 κ5 ψ1 639 C χ18 κ5 ψ1 640 G χ18 κ5 ψ1 641 H χ18 κ5 ψ1 642 F χ18 ψ1 ν5 643 D χ18 ψ1 ν5 644 C χ18 ψ1 ν5 645 G χ18 ψ1 ν5 646 H χ18 ψ1 ν5 647 F χ18 β12 β12 648 D χ18 β12 β12 649 C χ18 β12 β12 650 G χ18 β12 β12 651 H χ18 β12 β12 652 F χ4 ψ1 ψ1 653 D χ4 ψ1 ψ1 654 G χ4 ψ1 ψ1 655 H χ4 ψ1 ψ1 656 F χ4 κ5 ψ1 657 D χ4 κ5 ψ1 658 C χ4 κ5 ψ1 659 G χ4 κ5 ψ1 660 H χ4 κ5 ψ1 661 F χ4 ψ1 ν5 662 D χ4 ψ1 ν5 663 C χ4 ψ1 ν5 664 G χ4 ψ1 ν5 665 H χ4 ψ1 ν5 666 F χ4 β12 β12 667 D χ4 β12 β12 668 C χ4 β12 β12 669 G χ4 β12 β12 670 H χ4 β12 β12 671 F χ5 χ1 ψ1 ψ1 672 D χ5 χ1 ψ1 ψ1 673 C χ5 χ1 ψ1 ψ1 674 G χ5 χ1 ψ1 ψ1 675 H χ5 χ1 ψ1 ψ1 676 F χ5 χ1 κ5 ψ1 677 D χ5 χ1 κ5 ψ1 678 C χ5 χ1 κ5 ψ1 679 G χ5 χ1 κ5 ψ1 680 H χ5 χ1 κ5 ψ1 681 F χ5 χ1 ψ1 ν5 682 D χ5 χ1 ψ1 ν5 683 C χ5 χ1 ψ1 ν5 684 G χ5 χ1 ψ1 ν5 685 H χ5 χ1 ψ1 ν5 686 D χ5 χ1 β12 β12 687 C χ5 χ1 β12 β12 688 G χ5 χ1 β12 β12 689 H χ5 χ1 β12 β12 690 F χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ψ1 691 C χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ψ1 692 G χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ψ1 693 H χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ψ1 694 H χ18 χ18-1 κ5 ψ1 695 F χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ν5 696 C χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ν5 697 D χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ν5 698 G χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ν5 699 H χ18 χ18-1 ψ1 ν5 700 F χ18 χ18-1 β12 β12 701 D χ18 χ18-1 β12 β12 702 C χ18 χ18-1 β12 β12 703 G χ18 χ18-1 β12 β12 704 H χ18 χ18-1 β12 β12 705 F χ4 χ24 ψ1 ψ1 706 C χ4 χ24 ψ1 ψ1 707 G χ4 χ24 ψ1 ψ1 708 H χ4 χ24 ψ1 ψ1 709 F χ4 χ24 κ5 ψ1 710 D χ4 χ24 κ5 ψ1 711 C χ4 χ24 κ5 ψ1 712 H χ4 χ24 κ5 ψ1 713 D χ4 χ24 ψ1 ν5 714 F χ4 χ24 β12 β12

Example 41

Compound No. R1 R2 R3 715 A χ5 α1 716 C χ5 α1 717 A χ3 α1 718 C χ3 α1 719 A σ3 α1 720 C σ3 α1 721 A χ5 ν5 722 C χ5 ν5 723 C χ5 ν5 724 A χ3 ν5 725 C χ3 ν5 726 C χ3 ν5 727 A σ3 ν5 728 C σ3 ν5 729 C σ3 ν5

Example 42

Compound No R1 R2 R3 730 A β2 α1 731 A ε5 α1 732 A β3 α1 733 A χ19 α1 734 A χ1 α1 735 A γ10 α1 736 A ξ5 α1 737 A σ1 α1 738 A χ4-1 α1 739 A μ10 α1 740 A φ2 α1 741 A α4 α1 742 A α8 α1 743 A β2 β2 744 A ε5 β2 745 A β3 β2 746 A χ19 β2 747 A χ1 β2 748 A γ10 β2 749 A ξ5 β2 750 A σ1 β2 751 A χ4-1 β2 752 A μ10 β2 753 A φ2 β2 754 A α4 β2 755 A α8 β2 756 A β2 ε5 757 A ε5 ε5 758 A β3 ε5 759 A χ19 ε5 760 A χ1 ε5 761 A γ10 ε5 762 A ξ5 ε5 763 A σ1 ε5 764 A χ4-1 ε5 765 A μ10 ε5 766 A φ2 ε5 767 A α4 ε5 768 A α8 ε5 769 A β2 ξ1 770 A ε5 ξ1 771 A β3 ξ1 772 A χ1 ξ1 773 A γ10 ξ1 774 A σ1 ξ1 775 A χ4-1 ξ1 776 A μ10 ξ1 777 A φ2 ξ1 778 A α4 ξ1 779 A α8 ξ1 780 A β2 ψ1 781 A β2 ξ5 782 A ε5 ψ1 783 A ε5 ξ5 784 A β3 ψ1 785 A β3 ξ5 786 A χ1 ψ1 787 A χ1 ξ5 788 A γ10 ψ1 789 A γ10 ξ5 790 A ξ5 ψ1 791 A ξ5 ξ5 792 A σ1 ψ1 793 A σ1 ξ5 794 A χ4-1 ψ1 795 A μ10 ψ1 796 A μ10 ξ5 797 A φ2 ψ1 798 A φ2 ξ5 799 A α8 ξ5 800 A α8 ξ5 801 A β2 ω1 802 A ε5 ω1 803 A β3 ω1 804 A χ19 ω1 805 A χ1 ω1 806 A χ19 ψ1 807 A χ19 ξ5 808 A φ2 ω1 809 A μ10 γ1 810 A φ2 γ1 811 A α4 γ1 812 A α8 γ1 813 A β2 κ2 814 A ε5 κ2 815 A β3 κ2 816 A χ19 κ2 817 A χ1 κ2 818 A γ10 κ2 819 A χ5 κ2 820 A σ1 κ2 821 A χ4-1 κ2 822 A μ10 κ2 823 A φ2 κ2 824 A α4 κ2 825 A α8 κ2 826 A β2 τ2 827 A ε5 τ2 828 A β3 τ2 829 A χ19 τ2 830 A χ1 τ2 831 A γ10 τ2 832 A χ5 τ2 833 A σ1 τ2 834 A χ4-1 τ2 835 A μ10 τ2 836 A φ2 τ2 837 A α4 τ2 838 A α8 τ2 839 A β2 τ2 840 A ε5 μ2 841 A β3 μ2 842 A χ19 μ2 843 A χ1 μ2 844 A γ10 μ2 845 A χ5 μ2 846 A μ2 μ2 847 A χ4-1 μ2 848 A μ10 μ2 849 A φ2 μ2 850 A α4 μ2 851 A α8 μ2 852 A β2 χ1 853 A ε5 χ1 854 A β3 χ1 855 A χ19 χ1 856 A χ1 χ1 857 A γ10 χ1 858 A χ5 χ1 859 A σ1 χ1 860 A ξ4-1 χ1 861 A φ2 χ1 862 A α4 χ1 863 A α8 χ1 864 A β2 Σ4 865 A ε5 Σ4 866 A β3 Σ4 867 A χ19 Σ4 868 A χ1 Σ4 869 A γ10 Σ4 870 A χ5 Σ4 871 A σ1 Σ4 872 A χ4-1 Σ4 873 A μ10 Σ4 874 A φ2 Σ4 875 A α4 Σ4 876 A α8 Σ4 877 A α1 ν1 878 A α1 ν2 879 A α1 ν9 880 A ν4 α1 881 A ν4 γ2 882 A ν4 τ2 883 A ν4 τ1 884 A χ1 ν4 885 A μ7-1 α1 886 A μ7-1 γ2 887 A μ7-1 τ2 888 A μ7-1 τ1 889 A μ7-1 χ1 890 A γ10 ε1 891 A χ5 ω1 892 A σ1 ω1 893 A χ4-1 ω1 894 A μ10 ω1 895 A α4 ω1 896 A α8 ω1 897 A β2 γ1 898 A ε5 γ1 899 A β3 γ1 900 A χ19 γ1 901 A χ1 γ1 902 A γ10 γ1 903 A ξ5 γ1 904 A σ1 γ1 905 A χ4-1 γ1 906 A μ11 χ1 907 A μ11 τ2 908 A ν4 μ3 909 A α1 σ1 910 A σ1 β2 911 A σ1 ε5

Example 43

Compound No R1 R2 R3 R4 912 A χ4 ψ1 ψ1 913 A χ5 ψ1 ψ1 914 A χ18 ψ1 ψ1 915 A χ5 ψ1 ν5 916 A χ18 ψ1 ν5 917 A χ5 κ5 ψ1 918 A χ4 κ5 ψ1 919 A χ18 κ5 ψ1 920 A χ5 β12 β12 921 A χ4 β12 β12 922 A χ18 β12 β12

Example 44

Compound No R1 R2 R3 923 A α1 α4 924 A α1 β6 925 A α1 ε9 926 A α1 κ6 927 A α1 σ3 928 A α1 χ8 929 A ψ1 α4 930 A ψ1 β6 931 A ψ1 ε9 932 A ψ1 κ6 933 A ψ1 σ3 934 A ψ1 χ8 935 A μ7-1 α4 936 A μ7-1 β6 937 A μ7-1 ε9 938 A μ7-1 κ6 939 A μ7-1 σ3 940 A μ7-1 χ8 941 A μ13 α4 942 A μ13 β6 943 A μ13 ε9 944 A μ13 κ6 945 A μ13 σ3 946 A μ13 χ8 947 A α1 α4 948 A α1 β6 949 A μ7-1 α4 950 A μ7-1 β6 951 A μ7-1 σ3 952 A μ13 σ3 953 A μ13 χ8

Example 45

Compound No R1 R2 R3 954 A β4 α1 955 A β2 α1 956 A ε3 α1 957 A γ2 α1 958 A γ1 α1 959 A β3 α1 960 A β4 α1 961 A β2 α1 962 A ε3 α1 963 A γ2 α1 964 A γ1 α1 965 A β3 α1

Example 46

Compound No R1 R2 R3 R4 966 C α1 ψ1 ψ1 967 G α1 ψ1 ψ1 968 H α1 ψ1 ψ1 969 C α1 κ5 ψ1 970 G α1 κ5 ψ1 971 H α1 κ5 ψ1 972 C α1 ψ1 ν5 973 G α1 ψ1 ν5 974 H α1 ψ1 ν5 975 C α1 β12 β12 976 G α1 β12 β12 977 h α1 β12 β12

Example 47

Compound No. R1 R2 R3 978 A σ2 σ2-1 979 A ξ2 ξ2-1 980 A β6 β2 981 A θ1 θ3 982 A ε8 ε1 983 A β8 β3 984 A π5 π1 985 A τ3 τ1 986 A α3 α3-1 987 A τ4 τ2 988 A σ3 σ1 989 C χ2 χ2-1 990 C χ3 ξ3-1 991 C χ4 χ4-1 992 C ν8 ν1 993 C μ5 μ5-1 994 C τ3 τ1 995 C τ4 τ2 996 C μ6 μ6-1 997 D σ2 σ2-1 998 D ξ2 ξ2-1 999 D β6 β2 1000 D φ1 φ1-1 1001 D χ4 χ4-1 (χ24) 1002 D ν8 ν1 1003 D τ4 τ2 1004 D σ3 σ1 1005 D β9 β9-1 1006 D μ6 μ6-1 1007 A χ2 χ2-1

Example 48

Compound No. R1 R2 R3 1008 A α4 α1 1009 A ε11 ε3 1010 A χ8 χ8-1 1011 A ε9 ε5 1012 A ε2 ε1 1013 A α6 α6-1 1014 A φ3 φ2 1015 A τ4 τ5 1016 A α7 α7-1 1017 A α1 α5 1018 A ε10 ε2 1019 A κ3 κ7 1020 A ε12 ε7 1021 A γ7 γ4 1022 A γ8 γ8-1 1023 A γ9 γ5 1024 C α4 α1 1025 C θ1 θ3 1026 C ε11 ε3 1027 C χ8 χ8-1 1028 C ε9 ε5 1029 C ε3 ε1 1030 C α6 α6-1 1031 C φ3 φ2 1032 C τ4 τ5 1033 C α7 α7-1 1034 C α1 α5 1035 C ε10 ε2 1036 C κ3 κ7 1037 C ε12 ε7 1038 C γ7 γ4 1039 C γ8 γ8-1 1040 C γ9 γ5 1041 D α4 α1 1042 D θ1 θ3 1043 D ε11 ε3 1044 D χ8 χ8-1 1045 D ε9 ε5 1046 D ε2 ε1 1047 D α6 α6-1 1048 D φ3 φ2 1049 D α7 α7-1 1050 D ε10 ε2 1051 D κ3 κ7 1052 D ε12 ε7 1053 D γ7 γ4 1054 D γ8 γ8-1 1055 D γ9 γ5

Example 49 Selected Activity Data Tested at 25 Micromolar Except I Tested at 2.5 micromolar

compound number EGF-R c-Kit VEGF ABL MET PDGFalpha CDK2 Tie2 PKC P38 100 69 52 58 109 88 106 70 42 80 146 94 53 101 115 78 127 270 71 142 212 23 12 10 41 46 38 25 1 26 223 22 109 11 24 31 17 40 0 10 246 15 6 8 30 27 28 26 −1 13 279 66 17 31 6 72 85 20 12 80 345 58 40 54 74 87 82 67 41 65 456 96 92 96 107 103 113 28 91 104 466 84 55 72 110 102 104 114 88 87 486! 24 45 96 100 488! 34 136 82 100 508! 12 17 16 100 528! 12 44 26 101 604 27 13 18 49 46 46 30 3 50 100 605 20 18 14 55 54 56 26 5 27 100 658! 20 55 5 99 659! 17 63 8 94 668! 16 1 669! 11 34 1 97 670! 9 23 1 718! 7 8 1 725! 6 10 912 88 38 44 96 88 96 119 72 96 70 Blank = not determined. The following lists examples of compound numbers that demonstrate activity EGF-R inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 470, 471, 472, 478, 480, 604, 605, 611, 100, 198, 205, 207, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 211, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 233, 235, 238, 240, 241, 246, 248, 254, 273, 279, 291, 334, 345, 350, 386, 391, 392, 393: c-Kit inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 480, 482, 483, 484, 604, 605, 611, 912, 486, 488, 501, 504, 508, 528, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 654, 657, 658, 659, 660, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 99, 100, 103, 104, 108, 109, 110, 122, 125, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 154, 155, 163, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186, 192, 193, 198, 204, 205, 207, 209, 212, 213, 214, 217, 218, 211, 220, 221, 222, 225, 227, 233, 235, 238, 240, 241, 246, 248, 254,: 228, 242, 244, 245, 247, 250, 252, 253, 260, 261, 262, 271, 264, 273, 279, 282, 286, 289, 291, 299, 309, 321, 322, 332, 333, 334, 345, 346, 362, 370, 377, 378, 379, 386, 398, 403, 404, 408, 427, 458, 459, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466: VEGF-R2 inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 472, 478,, 480, 482, 483, 484, 604, 605, 611, 912, 486, 505, 508, 528, 604, 605, 606, 608, 658, 659, 660, 667, 668, 669, 670, 100, 198, 205, 207, 209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 233, 235, 238, 244, 246, 252, 254, 256, 271, 273, 279, 291, 345, 370, 371, 379, 403, 466: ABL inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 470, 478, 480, 604, 605, 611, 107, 127, 135, 152, 156, 157, 158, 159, 191, 207, 212, 214, 215, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 233, 246, 273, 279, 291, 299, 330, 334, 345, 397: MET inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 470, 480, 604, 605, 207, 212, 214, 217, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 233, 238, 246, 279, 291: PDGF-Ralpha inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 470, 604, 605, 207, 212, 214, 215, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 233, 246, 202, 271, 321, 334, 370: CDK2 inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 470, 472, 478, 604, 605, 611, 32, 100, 205, 207, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 233, 246, 273, 279, 291, 334, 345, 456: Tie2 inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 470, 471, 472, 474, 478, 480, 604, 605, 611, 912, 508, 528, 534, 535, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 654, 657, 658, 659, 660, 667, 668, 669, 670, 71, 91, 92, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, 114, 127, 131, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 144, 145, 146, 151, 152, 153/154, 155, 160, 168, 177, 178, 183, 192, 198, 205, 207, 209, 211, 212, 217, 214, 215, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 231, 233, 235, 238, 240, 241, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 271, 273, 279, 291, 333, 334, 345, 376, 379, 446, 457, 459: PK-C inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 470, 471, 472, 474, 478, 480, 604, 605, 611, 2, 205, 207, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 233, 246, 299, 321, 333, 334, 345, 379: FGF-R1 inhibitors at 25 micromolar: 604, 605, 611, 100, 104, 198, 205, 207, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 233, 238, 246, 248, 254, 273, 279, 291, 345:

Tables of Substituents:

α1

β1

γ1

β2

δ1

ε1

κ1

π1

ω1

ε2

σ1

β3

γ2

γ3

δ2

ε3

κ2

π2

ε4

β4

γ4

β5

φ1

π3

φ2

ν1

ν2

ν3

ρ1

ν4

λ1

ν5

ν6

ε5

ε6

ρ2

ν7

χ1

κ4

Σ1

π4

ξ1

α2

μ1

τ1

τ2

μ2

ε7

μ3

ψ1

γ5

σ2

ξ2

β6

θ1

ε8

χ2

χ3

χ4

ν8

β7

β8

π5

μ4

μ5

τ3

α3

τ4

μ10

κ6

β12

κ6

σ3

β9

μ6

ξ2

φ1

ξ3

Σ2

χ5

ε9

α4

ε10

θ2

ε11

χ6

χ7

θ3

θ4

α5

β10

γ6

χ8

ω2

α6

μ7

φ3

α7

τ4

μ8

κ3

ε12

γ7

γ8

γ9

μ9

χ9-1

χ10-1

χ11-1

χ12-1

χ13-1

χ14-1

χ15-1

χ16-1

χ17-1

χ18-1

χ19-1

χ20-1

χ21-1

χ22-1

χ23-1

β11

χ24 (χ4-1)

σ4-1

ξ4-1

χ7-1

μ11

χ9-1

χ10-1

χ11-1

χ12-1

χ13-1

χ14-1

χ15-1

χ16-1

χ17-1

χ18-1

χ19-1

χ20-1

χ21-1

χ22-1

χ23-1

β11

χ24 (χ4-1)

σ4-1

ξ4-1

χ7-1

μ11

σ2-1

ξ2-1

α3-1

χ2-1

χ3-1

μ5-1

μ6-1

χ8-1

φ1-1

β9-1

α6-1

τ5

α7-1

κ7

γ8-1, γ10

μ13

μ12

Throughout the specification and the claims (if present), unless the context requires otherwise, the term “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to apply the inclusion of the stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

It should be appreciated that various other changes and modifications can be made to any embodiment described without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of identifying a compound that inhibits or enhances the activity of a protein kinase comprising: a) contacting said protein kinase with a compound of formula I, being a derivative of a furanose or pyranose form of a monosaccharide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

Wherein; n is 1 or 2, X is selected from the group consisting of: OR1, an unsubstituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety, a substituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety, an unsubstituted 9 or 10 membered heterobicyclic moiety and a substituted 9 or 10 membered heterobicyclic moiety, R1 is selected from the group consisting of: C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl and C3 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, Y is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety; a substituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety, an unsubstituted 9 or 10 membered heterobicyclic moiety and a substituted 9 or 10 membered heterobicyclic moiety; an amino acid, a dipeptide, and

R6 is selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl or C3 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, with the proviso that R6, R7 and R8 are not all H, R9 is selected from H, or —(CO)—R6, R7, R8, R11, R12, R14, are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 acyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C6 to C14 arylacyl, C6 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 heteroarylacyl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl and C6 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, R13 is selected from the group consisting of: unsubstituted phenyl unsubstituted benzyl, substituted phenyl, substituted benzyl, H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 acyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C6 to C14 arylacyl, C6 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 heteroarylacyl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl or C6 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, —S—R6 and —O—R6, R15 is absent or is at least one substituent on the aromatic ring which are independently selected from the group consisting of: OH, NO, NO₂, NH₂, N₃, halogen, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, nitrile, alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide, hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, alkyl, aminoaryl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl and thioheteroaryl, wherein at least one of R1-R14 is substituted and these substituents and the substituents on the substituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic moiety and the substituted 9 or 10 membered heterobicyclic moiety are selected from the group consisting of: OH, NO, NO₂, NH₂, N₃, halogen, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, nitrile, alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide, hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, alkyl, aminoaryl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl or thioheteroary, and b) assaying the activity of said protein kinase in the presence of said compound of formula I and in the absence of said compound of formula I, wherein, when the activity of said protein kinase in the presence of said compound of formula I is higher than the activity of said protein kinase in the absence of said compound of formula I, said compound of formula I is an enhancer of the activity of said protein kinase, and when the activity of said protein kinase in the presence of said compound of formula I is lower than the activity of said protein kinase in the absence of said compound of formula I, said compound of formula I is an inhibitor of the activity of said protein kinase.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is substituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched and/or linear.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein R7 and R8 combine to form a cyclic structure.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein R6 and one of R7 or R8 combine to form a cyclic structure.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein R11 and R12 combine to form cyclic structure.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein X is selected from: OR1,

R1 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of: C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl and C3 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, R4 is selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 aryalkyl and C3 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, R5 is selected from the group consisting of: H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C1 to C7 alkenyl, C1 to C7 alkynyl, C1 to C7 heteroalkyl, C6 to C14 aryl, C3 to C14 heteroaryl, C6 to C14 arylalkyl or C3 to C14 heteroarylalkyl, C1 to C7 acyl, C6 to C14 arylacyl, and C3 to C14 heteroarylacyl, R2 is selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)—R3, —(C═O)—OR4, and —(C═O)—NH—R4, Y is selected from:


7. The method of claim 6, wherein at least one of R1 to R5 is substituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched and/or linear.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein R7 and R8 combine to form a cyclic structure.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein R6 and one of R7 or R8 combine to form a cyclic structure.
 10. The method of claim 6, wherein R11 and R12 combine to form a cyclic structure.
 11. The method of claim 1 when the group X is


12. The method of claim 1, wherein the group X is


13. The method of claim 1, wherein X is —OR1.
 14. The method of claim 6 wherein the group Y is


15. The method of claim 6 wherein Y is


16. The method of claim 6, wherein Y is


17. The method of claim 6, wherein Y is


18. The method of claim 6, wherein Y is


19. The method of claim 6, wherein Y is


20. The method of claim 6, wherein Y is


21. The method of claim 1 wherein the protein kinase is a serine or threonine kinase.
 22. The method of claim 1 wherein the protein kinase is a tyrosine kinase.
 23. The method of claim 1 wherein the protein kinase is selected from the group consisting of one or more of the isoforms of: A protein kinase C; B Tie-2, also known as TEK, HPK-6, TIE-2, VMCM, VMCM1; C c-Kit, also known as SCFR, CD117, PBT; D VEGF-R2/KDR; also known as VEGFR2, VEGFR-2, VEGFR, Hs.KDR, Hs.12337, FLK1, FLK-1; E EGF-R, also known as ERBB1, ERBB, EGFRvIII; F Abl, also known as c-ab1, c-ABL, JTK7, p150, ABL1; G MET, also known as HGFR, C-MET, RCCP2; H CDK2, also known as p34CDK2, p33CDK2, p33CDK2; I PDGF, also known as PDGFR1, PDGFR, PDGF-R-beta JTK12, CD140B, PDGFRB; J FGFR-1, also known as N-SAM, LOC51033, FLT2, FLJ14326, CEK, C-FGR, BFGFR, H5, H4, H3, H2, FLG; and K P38 MAP Kinase, also known as p38alpha, p38ALPHA, SAPK2a, SAPK2A, PRKM15, PRKM14, Mxi2, MXI2, Exip, EXIP, CSPB1, CSBP2, CSBP1, p38, RK, P38, MAPK14. 